Biological Basis Of Disease Exam 3 (Tulane)

Front 1

Bacteria

Back 1

Diverse prokaryotic organisms that can cause a wide variety of diseases in humans and other organisms (singular = baterium)

Front 2

Bactericidal

Back 2

Drugs that kill bacteria

Front 3

Bacteriostatic

Back 3

Drugs that slow down or stop the replication of bacteria, but that do not necessarily kill bacteria

Front 4

Communicable Disease

Back 4

Disease caused by pathogens that are transmitted from host-to-host and, in general, cannot live for extended periods outside a host

Front 5

Contagious Disease

Back 5

Communicable Diseases that are easily transmitted between hosts

Front 6

Convalescence

Back 6

The stage of recovery following a disease or injury

Front 7

Fomite

Back 7

An object that can harbor infections agents (e.g. clothing) and thus may serve as a means of transmission

Front 8

Fungus

Back 8

Saprobic eukaryotic organism, which includes yeasts and mold. Some are opportunistic pathogens (plural = fungi)

Front 9

Helminthe

Back 9

A worm. Some are parasitic.

Front 10

In Vitro Culture

Back 10

Growth of an organism in an artificial medium. Can be used in the diagnosis of some micro-organisms and viruses.

Front 11

Incubation Period

Back 11

The amount of time between the start of an infection and the appearance of symptoms.

Front 12

Infection

Back 12

Invasion and multiplication of pathogens in a body tissue

Front 13

Infectious

Back 13

Refers to the relative ease of transmission (= contagion)

Front 14

Infectivity

Back 14

Ability of an organism to enter, survive, and replicate within a host.

Front 15

Mycosis

Back 15

An infection cause by a fungus

Front 16

Opportunistic Pathogen

Back 16

An organism that is normally not pathogenic, but can become pathogenic in immunocompromised or debilitated host

Front 17

Parasite

Back 17

An organism that lives on a host organism and causes disease. Generally refers to protozoa, helminthes, and arthropods.

Front 18

Pathogen

Back 18

An organism or biological entity that is capable of causing disease

Front 19

Prion

Back 19

An infectious protein

Front 20

Prodromal Period

Back 20

The period characterized by non-specific or mild symptoms indicating the onset of disease

Front 21

Protozoan

Back 21

A eukaryotic microbe, some of which can cause disease. (Plural = Protozoa)

Front 22

Systemic Tropism

Back 22

Refers to the internal organs. Pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole. The tendency to be associated with a particular organ or attracted to a particular substance.

Front 23

Vector (disease)

Back 23

An organism, generally a blood-feeding arthropod, that transmits infectious diseases.

Front 24

Virus

Back 24

Submicroscopic pathogens composed of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat

Front 25

Zoonosis

Back 25

A disease that is normally found in animals that can be transmitted to humans.

Front 26

AIDS

Back 26

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. An immunodeficiency caused by HIV.

Front 27

CD4 Protein

Back 27

A cell-surface protein found on some T-cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Also serves as a receptor for HIV.

Front 28

CD4+ Cells

Back 28

Cells that express the CD4 protein on their surface. Predominantly helper T-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.

Front 29

HAART

Back 29

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. A combination of drugs used in the treatment of HIV infections.

Front 30

Immunodeficiency

Back 30

A condition in which some components of the immune system are missing or defective

Front 31

Opportunistic Infection

Back 31

Micro-Organisms that normally do not cause disease except in individuals with a compromised immune system

Front 32

Phylogenetic Trees

Back 32

A branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various organisms. A type of evolutionary tree.

Front 33

Retrovirus

Back 33

A class of virus characterized by having an RNA dependent DNA polymerase (i.e., reverse transcriptase) which copies the RNA genome into DNA

Front 34

Reverse Transcriptase

Back 34

An RNA dependent DNA polymerase found in retroviruses that converts the RNA genome of the virus to a DNA molecule

Front 35

SIV

Back 35

Simian Immmunodeficiency Virus. A virus related to HIV found in non-human primates.

Front 36

STI

Back 36

Sexually Transmitted Infection

Front 37

Tropism

Back 37

Having an affinity for a particular organ or tissue, or moving towards or away from a particular stimulus

Front 38

Viremia

Back 38

Refers to the presence or level of virus infection (i.e., the number of virus particles present in a sample)

Front 39

Alveoli

Back 39

The small air sacs of the lungs (singular - alveolus)

Front 40

Antigenic Drift

Back 40

Slow changes in the antigenic properties of a pathogen due to the constant and steady changes in the gene sequence

Front 41

Antigenic Shift

Back 41

A rapid and sudden change in antigenic and/or other properties of a pathogen due to genetic recombination between different strains of a pathogen

Front 42

Antigenic types

Back 42

Refers to strains or isolates of a pathogen which have distinct antigens as defined by reactivity with antibodies (i.e., serotype)

Front 43

Bronchiolitis

Back 43

Inflammation of the bronchioles

Front 44

Bronchitis

Back 44

Inflammation of the bronchi

Front 45

Influenza

Back 45

A disease caused by the influenza virus (aka, flu). Distinct from the common cold in that it can be quite severe or mortal.

Front 46

Mucous Membrane

Back 46

An epithelial layer that secretes mucus

Front 47

Nasopharynx

Back 47

Referring to the nose and throat

Front 48

Pandemic

Back 48

An epidemic spreading across international borders

Front 49

Pharyngitis

Back 49

Inflammation of the pharynx (i.e., sore throat)

Front 50

Pneumonia

Back 50

Inflammation of the lungs and especially the alveoli

Front 51

Rhinitis

Back 51

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and nasal passages

Front 52

RSV

Back 52

Respirator Syncytial Virus. A very common virus found primarily in children.

Front 53

Serotype

Back 53

Refers to immunological variations between strains of infectious organisms such as bacteria and viruses

Front 54

Sputum

Back 54

Mucus that is coughed up

Front 55

(active) Tuberculosis (TB)

Back 55

An infectious disease primarily infecting the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Generally refers to a symptomatic state and is generally quite contagious.

Front 56

Alveoli

Back 56

The small air sacs of the lungs (singular = alveolus)

Front 57

DOTS

Back 57

Directly Observed Therapy - Short Course. Drug Intake is monitored through compliance

Front 58

droplet nuclei

Back 58

Particles 1-5 micrometers (10^-6 meters) in diameter, implicated in spread of airborne infections.

Front 59

First Line Drugs

Back 59

A group of five antibiotics (rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazanamide, and streptomycin) used afainst TB that are the most effective and potent

Front 60

Granuloma

Back 60

A tumor-like mass or nodule due to chronic inflammation associated with an infectious disease

Front 61

Latent

Back 61

Refers to a dormant form of an infection that can later reactivate

Front 62

LTBI

Back 62

Latent TB Infection. An asymptomatic stage of the infection in which the immune system contains the infection and is generally not contagious.

Front 63

MDR-TB

Back 63

Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. Resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. May also include resistance to other drugs.

Front 64

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Back 64

The genus and species of the bacterium causing tuberculosis

Front 65

Mycolic acid

Back 65

A fatty acid found in the cell wall of Mycobateria

Front 66

PPD

Back 66

Purified Protein Derivative. An extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein used in the skin test of TB.

Front 67

Primary TB

Back 67

A case of active TB which develops within two years after acquisition of the infection

Front 68

Second Line Drugs

Back 68

A case of active TB due to activation of a latent infection

Front 69

Secondary TB

Back 69

A case of active TB due to activation of a latent infection

Front 70

Sputum

Back 70

Mucus that is coughed up

Front 71

Tuberculin

Back 71

See PPD

Front 72

XDR-TB

Back 72

Extensively Drug Resistant TB. Includes resistance to second line drugs

Front 73

Cholera

Back 73

An acute infectious disease of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio Cholerae and characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps, severe dehydration, and depletion of electrolytes.

Front 74

Cholera Toxin

Back 74

An A-B enterotoxin secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae which is responsible for the massive, water diarrhea characteristic of cholera

Front 75

Colitis

Back 75

Inflammation of the mucosa of the colon

Front 76

Cryptosporidium

Back 76

A genus of protozoa that infects a wide variety of animals and is often the cause of severe diarrhea in AIDS patients

Front 77

Diarrhea

Back 77

An excessive number of liquid or loose stools, Generally more than three per day.

Front 78

Dysentery

Back 78

Severe diarrhea with watery stools and cramping blood, mucus, and/or pus.

Front 79

Entamoeba Histolytica

Back 79

A human protozoan parasite of the colon that can cause an invasive disease resulting in dysentery and colitis or can spread to other organs such as the liver

Front 80

Entero-colitis

Back 80

Inflammation of the mucosa of the intestines and colon

Front 81

Enterotoxin

Back 81

A toxin produced by bacteria that specifically affects intestinal cells and causes vomiting and diarrhea associated with food poisoning

Front 82

Escheria coli

Back 82

A bacterium that normally resides in the human colon. Some strains can cause disease.

Front 83

Exotoxin

Back 83

A toxin produced by a micro-organism and secreted into the environment

Front 84

Fecal-Oral Transmission

Back 84

A thpe of transmission in which infective stages of a pathogen are found in feces and infection is acquired by ingesting food or water contaminated with fecal matter

Front 85

Giardia

Back 85

A genus of flagellated protozoa that is a common cause of diarrhea in humans

Front 86

Inflammatory Diarrhea

Back 86

A diarrhea associated with pathogen invasion of the intestinal mucosa characterized by dysentery

Front 87

(intestincal) Flora

Back 87

Microorganisms that normally inhabit the lumen of the intestinal tract

Front 88

Food Poisoning

Back 88

A general term for health problems arising from eating food contaminated with pathogens or toxins

Front 89

Foodborne

Back 89

Referring to infections or toxic agents acquired by ingesting contaminated food

Front 90

Gastro-enteritis

Back 90

Inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach and intestines

Front 91

Oal Rehydration Therapy (ORT)

Back 91

Treatment for diarrhea-related dehydration in which an electrolyte solution containing fluid and vital salts is administered

Front 92

Osmotic Diarrhea

Back 92

Diarrhea associated with damage to the intestinal mucosa resulting in increased secretion of water and decreased absorption of water

Front 93

Probiotic

Back 93

A dietary supplement containing live bacteria or yeast that supplements normal gastrointestinal flora, given especially after depletion of flora caused by infection or ingestion of an antibiotic drug

Front 94

Salmonella

Back 94

A genus of bacteria which includes many pathogenic species, causing food poisoning, typhoid, and paratyphoid fever in humans and other infectious disease in domestic animals

Front 95

Secretory Diarrhea

Back 95

A watery diarrhea generally caused by bacterial toxins

Front 96

Shigella

Back 96

A genus of bacteria that cause dysentery in animals and especially humans

Front 97

Typhoid Fever

Back 97

An acute, highly infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica, serotype typhi, and primarily transmitted by contaminated food or water

Front 98

Waterborne

Back 98

Referring to infectious or toxic agents acquired by ingesting contaminated water.

Front 99

Amoeba

Back 99

A single-cell protozoan characterized by its ability to change shape and move via pseudopodia (i.e. amoeboid movement)

Front 100

Amoebiasis

Back 100

The disease caused by an amoeba and especially that caused by Entamoeba histolytica (e.g. dysentery)

Front 101

Colitis

Back 101

Inflammation of the colon

Front 102

Cryptosporidiosis

Back 102

The disease (i.e. diarrhea) caused by an infection with Cryptosporidium.

Front 103

Cryptosporidium

Back 103

A genus of protozoa that infect a wide variety of animals and is often the cause of severe diarrhea in AIDS patients

Front 104

Cyst

Back 104

A protozoan stage that is dormant and resistant to environment stresses that can convert into an active stage under the appropriate conditions (e.g. ingestion by a host)

Front 105

Diarrhea

Back 105

Feces that are loose or liquid and passed more frequently than normal. Etiology can be osmotic, secretory, or inflammatory

Front 106

Dysentery

Back 106

Inflammatory diarrhea characterized by blood and mucus in the feces

Front 107

Entamoeba

Back 107

A genus of amoeba most note for Entamoeba histolytica which causes amoebic dysentery

Front 108

Facultative Pathogen

Back 108

A pathogen that has the ability to cause disease, but generally does not cause disease

Front 109

Fecal-Oral

Back 109

A mode of transmission in which infective stages of a pathogen are excreted in the feces and if ingested via contaminated food or water will initiate an infection in a new host

Front 110

Giardia

Back 110

A genus of flagellated protozoa that is a common cause of diarrhea in humans

Front 111

Giardiasis

Back 111

The disease (i.e. diarrhea) caused by Giardia

Front 112

Parasitemia

Back 112

Refers to the number of parasites detected or present

Front 113

Peritonitis

Back 113

Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity

Front 114

Protozoan

Back 114

A large and diverse group of eukaryotic microbes; some of which can cause human disease (Plural = protozoa)

Front 115

Trophozoite

Back 115

An actively growing and replication stage in many protozoan life cycles

Front 116

Anopheline

Back 116

Refers to the mosquito genus Anopeles. Some species transmit the malaria parasite.

Front 117

Arbovirus

Back 117

Arthropod-borne virus. Viruses transmitted by mosquitoes or other arthropods.

Front 118

Arthropod

Back 118

A group of organisms containing jointed limbs (i.e., legs) and a hard exoskeleton (e.g., insects)

Front 119

Drug Pressure

Back 119

Refers to the continuous presence of a drug that leads to selection of pathogens that are increasingly tolerant of that drug

Front 120

Drug Resistance

Back 120

The reduction in effectiveness of a drug in curing a disease or condition

Front 121

Falciparum

Back 121

A species of Plasmodium (i.e., malaria parasite) responsible for the most morbidity and mortality associated with malaria.

Front 122

Febrile

Back 122

Pertaining to fever or feverish

Front 123

Merozoites

Back 123

A stage in the malaria parasite life cycle that are transmitted from humans to mosquitoes

Front 124

Parasitemia

Back 124

Refers to the presence or level of a parasite infection (i.e., the number of parasites present in a sample)

Front 125

Paroxysm

Back 125

A sudden re-occurrence or intensification of a symptom. In malaria refers to the periodic febrile attacks.

Front 126

Plasmodium

Back 126

The genus of malaria parasites

Front 127

Reservoir

Back 127

The host that maintains a pathogen

Front 128

Sequestration

Back 128

Refers to the adherence of P. falciparum infected erythrocytes to endothelial cells in tissues rather than circulating in the peripheral blood stream

Front 129

Sporongy

Back 129

The life cycle stage of the malaria parasite that occurs in the mosquito resulting in the production of sporozoites

Front 130

Sporozoites

Back 130

The stage of the malaria found in the saliva of the mosquitoes that is infectious to humans

Front 131

Vector

Back 131

An organism, generally an arthropod, that transfers (or carries) a pathogen from host to another

Front 132

Vivax

Back 132

A common and widespread species of Plasmodium (i.e. malaria parasite)

Front 133

Anti-Helmintic

Back 133

A drug used to treat helminth infections

Front 134

Ascarsis Lumbricoides

Back 134

A species of soil transmitted roundworms that infects humans

Front 135

Filaria

Back 135

A type of round worm characterized by vector transmission

Front 136

Geohelminth

Back 136

Also known as soil transmitted helminth

Front 137

Hookworm

Back 137

A type of soil transmitted helminth characterized by teeth or plates which anchor the worm to the intestinal epithelium

Front 138

Intermediate

Back 138

A required host in the life cycle of a parasite which is essential for larval development

Front 139

MDA

Back 139

Mass Drug Administration. The distribution of drugs to everyone in a defined population regardless of the presence of infection in the individuals.

Front 140

NTD

Back 140

Neglected Tropical Disease

Front 141

Schistosoma

Back 141

A genus of flukes transmitted via water and a snail as the intermediate host

Front 142

Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH)

Back 142

Helminthes in which the eggs mature into larvae in the soil and then subsequently infect the human either via ingestion or penetration of the skin

Front 143

Trichuris trichiura

Back 143

A species of soil transmitted helminthes that infects humans (aka, whipworm)