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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anthropology |
the study of what it means to be human |
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what are the five sub disciplines for anthropology |
biological, archeology, cultural, linguistic, applied |
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Biological anthropology |
the study of the biological nature and evolution of mankind |
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Paleoanthropology |
old human study- study of the human evolution as evidenced in the fossil record |
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artifact |
an item produced by an ancestor of our human lineage that is a remnant from their life |
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Human variation study |
the study of the ways in which human populations vary in physical form. examples would be hair color, hair texture, skin color, eye color, body shape, genetics |
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melanin |
the pigment in ones integumentary system that absorbs UV rays and visibly tans. Skin color can be a micro adaptation of melanin. |
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Primatology |
the study of the biology, behavior, and ecology of non relative primates, our closest living relatives |
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scientific method |
gaining knowledge through observation and experimentation |
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the scientific method steps: |
1. ask/formulate a question 2. develop a hypothesis 3. test the hypothesis 4. formulate a conclusion |
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archeology |
it focuses on human past from 10,000 - 250 years ago; it is the study of the human past through the excavation of remains left behind and buried in the ground |
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cultural anthropology
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comparative study of human behavior, social organization, and culture |
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linguistic anthropology |
study of the relationship between language and culture; words reflecting society; how language influences social life |
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Holism |
all aspects of the human existence are interrelating and so are studied as a whole |
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Evolution |
a scientific theory, a unifying force in biological sciences |
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european worldview, stasis |
thugs have always been and always will be the way they are. 1. hierarchal class system 2. fixity of species- God created all life as it exists in the present 3. Great Chain of Being- God's creation are ranked in a hierarchy 4. Earth was recently created by God |
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copernicus |
in 1514 proposed the heliocentric view, with the sun being the center and the earth revolving around it |
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taxonomy |
branch of science concerned with the classification of organisms into categories |
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John Ray |
1627-1705; he defined species in the 17th century |
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Species |
groups of reproductively isolated organisms |
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genus |
similar looking organisms that cannot reproduce fertile offspring |
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Carolus Linnaeus |
he standardized the classification system, and developed the binomial nomenclature, meaning two names, genus then species |
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what is the classifications system? |
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species; animalia, chordata, mammilia, primates, hominidae, homo, sapien |
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Comte De Buffon |
The gardener for the King of France, he was the first true evolutionist in 1749 he published the natural history |
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james baptiste lamarck |
he was the first to attempt to explain revolution, he used Buffon's work as a reference. 1. species change is influenced by environmental change 2. Change in physical form occurs as a result of bodily need 3. Characteristics acquired within one's lifetime can be passed down tone's offspring |
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Georges Cuvier |
opposed to evolution, and said that the fossil record is the result of catastrophes followed by new creations |
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catastrophism |
earth's geological landscape is the result of violent, worldwide cataclysmic events, no continuity between fossil records |
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Charles Lyell |
founder of modern geology, in 1830 he produced the principles of geology, it explained the geological formations by uniformitarianism |
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uniformitarianism |
the geological processes observed in the present are the same as those that occurred in the past, slow changes, continuity between fossil records |
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Charles Darwin |
went on a voyage to circumnavigate the world on the HMS Beagle in 1831 |
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endemic species |
species that formulate in an isolated area |
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Alfred Russel Wallace |
He co-published the origin of species with Darwin as he had done his own research set apart from Darwin |
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Darwinian Evolution |
species reproduce faster than the food supply replenishes; organisms vary in traits; environment will determine if a trait is an advantage to survival |
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Reproductive success
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number of offspring one prices and rears to reproductive age |
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selective pressure |
any force in the environment that influences reproductive success |
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natural selection |
changes in the frequency of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals |
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adaptations: |
evolutionary shifts in response to environmental changes |
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fitness |
the measure of reproductive success of one individual compared to that of another individual |
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blending |
parental traits blend together to create an intermediate expression in the offspring |
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particulate inheritance |
traits that are passed on by individual particles |
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Thomas Morgan |
Developed the concept of genetics |
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genetics |
the study of the gene structure and action and patterns of the inheritance of genes |
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gene |
the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. It formulates a chromosome. |
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what does DNA do? |
It instructs the amino acids to formulate proteins |
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what shape is DNA? |
a double helix |
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What three components comprise a nucleotide chain? |
triphosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
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How many nucleotide chains does DNA have? |
2 |
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what connects the chains? |
a hydrogen bond |
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what four are the four DNA bases? |
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine |
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what are somatic cells? |
All the cells except for those involved with reproduction |
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what are gametes? |
a mature haploid male or female germ/sex cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. |
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ribosomes |
structures composed of a form of RNA called rRNA and protein. Ribosomes are found in a cell's cytoplasm and are essential to the manufacture of proteins |
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enzymes |
specialized proteins within that initiate and direct chemical reactions in the body |
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protein synthesis |
the manufacture of proteins; the assembly of chains of amino acids into functional molecules. It is directed by DNA |
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what are the steps of protein synthesis? |
1. had the genetic code- DNA molecule unwinds and the nucleotide chains separate 2. copy the DNA- mRNA copies the code with the base uracil replacing the base thymine 3. rihonleuic acide- tRNA translates the genetic code into protein by matching base triplets with amino acids/ as the ribosome binds to the mRNA, tRNA brings a particular amino acid, to the Ribosome, that is an anti codon to match up with the codon. |
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what is transcription? |
the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. |
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how does translation begin? |
With the mRNA attaching to the ribosome |
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what is a peptide bond? |
a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, |
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what are amino acids? |
small molecules that are the components of protein |
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how many amino acids are there? |
20 |
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why is this important? |
The process helps transcript and translate DNA and RNA, in order to use the ribosome to formulate amino acids, which create proteins |
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where does translation happen? |
in the cytoplasm, in the ribosome |
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Heredity |
how traits are passed down from parents to offspring |
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Gregor Mendel |
he experimented in the monastery gardens with physical traits of garden pea plants |
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what is monogenic? |
There are only 2 expressions of the trait |
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what is polygenic? |
there are three or more expressions of the trait |
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Genotype |
the allele combinations |
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phenotype |
the expression of the genotype |
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who invented the ABO blood system? |
the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner, in 1901 |
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antigens |
proteins on the red blood cells that determine blood type, A and B |
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antibodies |
identify and destroy foreign antigens in the blood |
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what is a karyotype? |
the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
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mitosis |
the process of somatic cell replication and division in which 2 identical cells are produced from a parental cell |
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meiosis |
process of sex cell replication and division that involves 2 divisions and results in 4 non identical cells each with 32 chromosomes |
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zygote |
the combination of two gamete cells, with the combined chromosomes of 46 |
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haploid |
1/2 of the genetic material for DNA |
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diploid |
fun genetic material of DNA |
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segregation |
When sperm and egg unite at fertilization, each contributes its allele, restoring the paired condition in the offspring. This is called the Law of Segregation. Mendel also found that each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation. |
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independent assortment |
stating that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together. |
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crossing over |
is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction. |
