Biological Anthropology Final Review

Front 1

David Hume

Back 1

Cause of Effect:

1- physical contact

2- A must come before B

3- regular pattern of A & B occurring together

Front 2

Carl Linnaeus

Back 2

First systematic classification of organisms

- got rid of hierarchy, and classified species by resemblance/similarities

- "System of Nature"

- creator of the binomial nomenclature

Front 3

Cultural Relativism

Back 3

Cultures cannot be objectively ranked

Front 4

Buffon

Back 4

Very evolutionist who Worked off of Linnaeus' ideas

- believed Linnaeus should have went further in classification and included common ancestors between species

- went against his hypothesis down the road due to his faith in God

Front 5

Baptiste de Lamarck

Back 5

-first to propose a mechanism for evolutionary change

- "acquired characteristics"

**change would be passed down to offspring (WRONG)

Front 6

George Cuvier

Back 6

Classified animals in four main groups

- Articulate/ Radicta/ Mollusks/ Vertebrates

- proposed "Catastrophism"

Front 7

Catastrophism

Back 7

When species die out due to a catastrophe, a new species comes about. Modern species are not descendants of extinct species

Front 8

Lyell

Back 8

Created "Uniformitarianism"

** 1. we can only understate Earth history with what we have today (present is key to past)

2. we can only invoke the magnitude of these Earth processes

3. earth is very old

Front 9

Aristotle

Back 9

One of the first to study Evolution and created the idea of a "Great Chain of Being"

Front 10

Great Chain of Being

Back 10

hierarchical category of species (latter of life)

- dominated Western thinking

Front 11

Ptolemy

Back 11

Thought that Earth is the center of the Universe, believed for over 1000 years

Front 12

John Lightfoot & James Usher

Back 12

Went through the Bible and counted Generations to conclude how old the Earth was

-calculated it to be about 6,000 years old, relatively young

Front 13

Isaac Newton

Back 13

**Laws of Gravity

**Natural Laws

- Earth and everything on it follow the same laws

Front 14

Science

Back 14

systematic search for understanding using empirical observation and testing

- seeks a rigorous, systematic, and empirical understanding of the world

Front 15

John Ray

Back 15

first to use and describe the word "species"

Front 16

Thomas Malthus

Back 16

Proposed the idea that too many people will lead to competition for food/resources, resulting in a "struggle for existence"

Front 17

Natural Selection

Back 17

Process by which species adopt; natural selection leads to adaptation

(ex: beak size in Finches were highly heritable. During drought, only large seeds were available, so large beaked birds were more successful)

Front 18

Macroevolution

Back 18

evolution above the level of species

Front 19

Species

Back 19

an individual, composed of parts that stand in a specific pattern/relationship to one another

Front 20

Analogy

Back 20

correspondence of fundamentally different structures that are nevertheless superficially similar (ex: mosquito wing--> bat wing)

Front 21

Homology

Back 21

correspondence of fundamentally similar structures, due to common descent, which may nevertheless be superficially different

(ex: wishbone of a chicken--> collarbone of a human)

Front 22

Phylogeny

Back 22

populations can be similar, either b/c they share a common ancestor or b/c they have been in genetic contact

Front 23

Herbert Spencer

Back 23

Darwinist who believed in "Survival of the Fittest"

1. Survival of the Fittest drives species to perfection, not greater adaptation

2. if you aren't thriving, you aren't fit

Front 24

Neo-Darwinism

Back 24

Natural selection is the exclusive agent of evolutionary change, and seeing heredity as an unalterable destiny, except through a rare and permanent change called "Mutation"

Front 25

Microevolution

Back 25

gradual changes in the genetic material of a population over time

Front 26

Sexual Selection

Back 26

Evolutionary change that occurs b/c of variation in (often male) ability to acquire mates

2 types: Intrasexual/ Intersexual

Front 27

Intrasexual selection

Back 27

acquire mates by preventing your rivals from mating (male-to-male competition)

Front 28

Intersexual competition

Back 28

acquire mates by attracting them to you (female choice)

Front 29

Discrete Units of Heredity

Back 29

-passed from parent to offspring

-pairs for each trait

-govern the expression of the physical trait

Front 30

Mendel's Theory of Assortment

Back 30

inheritance of one trait DOES NOT affect the inheritance of another trait

Front 31

Phenotype

Back 31

outward appearance

Front 32

Genotype

Back 32

underlying genetic makeup

Front 33

DNA

Back 33

molecule that contains our genetic makeup and tells which cells will be for what

Front 34

alleles

Back 34

different variations of a certain gene

Front 35

locus

Back 35

location of a gene on a chromosome

Front 36

heterozygous

Back 36

having different alleles at a particular locus

Front 37

karyotype

Back 37

illustration of chromosomes

Front 38

Gametes

Back 38

sex cells; sperms for guys, egg for girls

-sperm fertilizes egg to form a zygote

Front 39

Mendelian Traits

Back 39

traits that are controlled by alleles at only one genetic locus

Front 40

Polygenic Traits

Back 40

Consist of the majority of genes, controlled by many genes in different parts of the genome (ex: height) **continuous traits

Front 41

Somatic cells

Back 41

body cells

Front 42

Polynucleic chain

Back 42

hydrogen bonds that twist to create the DNA structure

Front 43

Proteins

Back 43

large organic compounds that are composed of amino acids

Front 44

Amino Acids

Back 44

molecules which are the building blocks of all proteins

Front 45

Transcription

Back 45

reading the "recipe" of the genetic makeup in the nucleus

Front 46

Genome

Back 46

the entire genetic makeup of an individual or species

Front 47

Personalized Medicine

Back 47

sequence your personal DNA and can see what diseases you are susceptible to

Front 48

Mass Extinction Events

Back 48

Events that have wiped out almost all plant/animal life on Earth

Front 49

Taxonomy

Back 49

Systematic approach of classifying, naming, and organizing species

Front 50

Binomial Nomenclature

Back 50

Naming system

-2 words (Broad/Specific)

ex: Homo Sapien

Front 51

Phylogenetics

Back 51

study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

Front 52

Cladistics

Back 52

type of taxonomy that is used to determine the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms, based on characteristics that are shared between 2 species w/ common ancestors

Front 53

Convergent Evolution

Back 53

whales look like fish, but actually evolved from a land animal that moved into the water

**Traits are shared between 2 organisms due to similar use but do not have a common ancestor

Front 54

Population genetics

Back 54

the study of allele and genotype frequencies and if and how and why they change from one generation to the next

Front 55

Mutation

Back 55

change in the structure or amount of genetic material

**Frame Shift Mutation

Front 56

Frame Shift Mutation

Back 56

caused by accidental insertions/deletions of DNA bases

-messes up process and proteins

-results in a non-functional gene, greatly affecting phenotype (ex: Muscular Dystrophy)

Front 57

Trisomy

Back 57

extra chromosome

(ex: Down Syndrome @ Chromosome 21)

Front 58

Gene Flow

Back 58

exchange of genes between two or more (more or less) isolated populations

-increase allele frequencies

-makes populations more similar

(ex: Europeans introduced blood types A & B to Africa when colonizing)

Front 59

Genetic Drift

Back 59

random fluctuations in allele frequencies due to random factors

-"genetic" refers to allele frequency

-"drift" refers to the fact that the alleles at a particular locus will change in frequency at a whim

-through time, the allele frequency in the population can fluctuate at random

most evident in small populations

Front 60

Adaptive Radiation

Back 60

organisms diversify rapidly into a multitude of forms, especially when environments change a new resources are made available

Front 61

Grouping Pattern

Back 61

composition of social group

Front 62

Mating System

Back 62

number of sexual partners that individuals have

Front 63

Infanticide

Back 63

males who kill other males' offspring and then mate w/ the mother of the offspring they just killed

Front 64

Dispersed Roaming

Back 64

males can roam around to multiple females or they can focus on one female

Front 65

Polygamy

Back 65

Single male reproducing with multiple females

Front 66

Polyandry

Back 66

One female reproducing with multiple females

Front 67

Promiscuous

Back 67

Multiple females reproducing with multiple females

Front 68

Fission Fusion

Back 68

break off from a large group to a small group in order to fulfill a desire/want

(ex: chimps)

Front 69

Life History

Back 69

timing of the major phases of development and reproduction in the life of an organism

Front 70

Plesiadapiforms

Back 70

tiny mouse like creature that lived between the extinction of dinosaurs and beginning of primates

-nails, ear tube, shape of teeth

Front 71

Tree Shrews

Back 71

very similar to primates, and served as a comparison to other early possible primates

Front 72

Dryomonys

Back 72

Most primitive primate ever found, holding the answers to our origin

Front 73

Angiosperms

Back 73

plants that spread their seeds

Front 74

Placental Primates

Back 74

infants develop inside womb; placenta nourishes offspring

Front 75

Continental Plates

Back 75

made of granite

-lighter, less dense

Front 76

Oceanic plates

Back 76

made of basalt

-heavier, more dense

Front 77

Convection currents

Back 77

molton rock driving the movement of plates

Front 78

Hotspot

Back 78

where the magma is closest to the Earth's crust

Front 79

Organic fossils

Back 79

actual remanents from species

(ex: amber)

Front 80

Trace fossils

Back 80

Poop, footprints, plant impressions

Front 81

Taphonomy

Back 81

study of the process of how animal or plant remains become fossilized

Front 82

lllium

Back 82

short, broad, bowl-like part of the pelvis which carries the weight of humans upper body

Front 83

Valgus Angle

Back 83

Shape of femur in humans which allows us to walk in a straight line and place 1 foot in front of another

Front 84

Longitudinal Arch

Back 84

arch in foot between heel and toes that allows the absorption of shock and for the spring in bi-pedalism locomotion

Front 85

Carrying Hypothesis

Back 85

Dawins's explanation to bi-pedalism

-free our hands in order to carry tools and hunt

Front 86

Male Provisioning Hypothesis

Back 86

While a female is reproducing, Male travels to find food

-increases fitness for male and female

-Owen Lovejoy

-assumes pair bonding

Front 87

Energy Efficiency Hypothesis

Back 87

Conserve energy to travel from forest to forest as they contracted. Less heat on the back form sunlight

-emergence of savannah (thermoregulation)

Front 88

Aquatic Age Hypothesis

Back 88

-Elaine Morgan

-Increased visual range

-Traits similar to aquatic animals

Front 89

Sahelanthropus tahadensis ("Toumai")

Back 89

Possibly the earliest known bipedal creature.

-"Hope of Life"

- 7 mya

-Chad, Africa

Front 90

Orrorin tugenensis (Millenium Man)

Back 90

- 6 mya

-Tugen Hills, Kenya

Front 91

Ardipithecus ("ardi")

Back 91

-about 4.4 mya

-Middle Awash, Ethiopia

Front 92

Lucy

Back 92

-3.2 mya

-Ethiopia

-short in stature

-Female

-curved short fingers

-dental code of humans

Front 93

Laetoli footprints

Back 93

-discovered by Leaky's

-Tanzania

-3.7 mya

Front 94

Homo Floreiensis ("The Hobbit")

Back 94

-Liung Bua Cave, Indonesia

-height of a young child, brain of a chimp

-made tools

-result of a modern human w/ disease called "island dwarfism" -->species shrink when isolated

Front 95

Dr. Wrangham

Back 95

Hypothesized the evolution of the gut with cooked food

Front 96

Auchelian Tools

Back 96

new type of tools, beginning with H. erectus.

-1.6-1.4 mya

-more symmetrical

-used to butcher animals

Front 97

Mousterian Tools

Back 97

Core rock (Levallois core) chips away another rock and is then attached to a handle

Front 98

Oldowan Stone tools

Back 98

chipping away stone w/ stone to make chipped pieces or an arrow

-2 million years of use

Front 99

Hypoxia

Back 99

lack of oxygen in the body

-prominent at high altitudes

Front 100

Grade

Back 100

grouping organisms b/c they look similar

Front 101

Clade

Back 101

grouping organisms b/c they share a common ancestor

Front 102

filopatric

Back 102

species remain in natal group after childhood

(ex: Chimpanzees)

Front 103

endemic

Back 103

native to one area and only that area

(ex: Lemurs in Madagascar)