Biological Anthropology Chapter 10

Front 1

Vertebral column

Back 1

the column of bones and cartilaginous disks that houses the spinal cord and provides structural support and flexibility to the body

Front 2

foramen magnum

Back 2

hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord connects to the brain

Front 3

innominate bones

Back 3

the pair of bones that compose the lateral parts of the pelvis; each innominate is made up of three bones that fuse during adolescence

Front 4

ischium

Back 4

portion of the innominate bone tht forms the bony underpinning of the rump

Front 5

ilium

Back 5

the blade of the innominate to which gluteal muscles attach

Front 6

pubis

Back 6

portion of the innominate that forms the anterior part of the birth canal

Front 7

gluteal muscles

Back 7

gluteus maimus, medius, and minimus, the muscles of walking which have undergone radical realignment in habitual bipeds

Front 8

tarsals

Back 8

foot bones that form the ankle and arches of the foot

Front 9

metatarsals

Back 9

five foot bones that join the tarsals to the toes and form the portion of the longitudinal arch of the foot

Front 10

phalanges

Back 10

bones that form the fingers and toes

Front 11

CP3 honing complex

Back 11

combination of canine and first premolar teeth that form a self-sharping apparatus

Front 12

australopithecines

Back 12

the common name for members of th genus australopithecus

Front 13

cranial cress

Back 13

bony ridges on the skull to which muscles attach

Front 14

sagittal cress

Back 14

bony crest running lengthwise down the center of the cranium on the parietal bones; for the attachment of the temporalis muscles

Front 15

compound temporonuchal crest

Back 15

bony crest at the back of the skull formed when an enlarged temporalis muscle approaches enlarged neck (nuchal) muscles, presen in apes and A. Afarenis

Front 16

endocast

Back 16

a replica (or cast) of the internal surface of the braincase that reflects the inpressions mae by the brain on the skull walls. natural endocasts are formed by the filling of the braincase by sediments

Front 17

hard-object feeding

Back 17

chewing tough, hard-to-break food items such as muts or fibrous vegetation

Front 18

postorbital constriction

Back 18

the pitching-in of the cranium just behind the orbits where the temporalis muscles sits. little constriction indicates a large brain and small muscles; great constriction indicates a large muscle, as in the robust australopithecines

Front 19

zygomatic arch

Back 19

the bony arch formed by the zygomatic (cheek) bone and the temporal bone of the skull

Front 20

osteodontokeratic culture

Back 20

a bone, tooth, and horn tool kit envisioned by raymond Dart to be made by Australopithecus