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319 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anthropology
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study of human kind (comparative, holistic, evolutionary)
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bio anthro
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study of human bio and behavior with an evolutionary context
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species
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group of similarly looking organisms capable of interbreeding
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evolutionary tree
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diagram showing evolutionary relationships
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hominid
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bipedal member
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subfields of anthro ***
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cultural, linguistic, archaeology, bio
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primate
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group of mammals - prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans
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genetics
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study of inherited traits
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criteria of science ***
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predictive, cumulative, logical, universal, fallible
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3 ways to understand world
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religion, science, philosophy
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scientific method
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observation, hypothesis, prediction, verification
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goal of science
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empirically generate most accurate explanations possible
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hypothesis ***
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statement about a phenomenon
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theory ***
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explanation of some aspect of world
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Great Chain of Being
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(Aristotle) all organisms on hierarchal ladder
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John Ray
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interbreeding organisms (species), similar groups (genus), fixity of species
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Carolus Linnaeus ***
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systematic classification of species
first proposed CLASS and ORDER challenged great chain of being |
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taxonomy
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science of biological classification
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George du Buffon ***
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species not fixed, interested in vestigial organs
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Erasmus Darwin
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zoonomia, wrote theory of evolution in verse
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Jean Baptiste de Lamarck ***
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evolution is goal oriented.. one with giraffe wishing for longer neck DIED IN POOR RENTED GRAVE
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George Cuvier
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rejected evolution, catastrophism
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catastrophism
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creations dispersed by natural disasters
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lysenkoism***
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soviet-era approach that tried to apply lamarckian thinking to agriculture.. FAIL
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Charles Lyell
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challenged catastrophism
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uniformitarians***
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lyell and hutton
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thomas malthus
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populations will increase faster than resources
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Charles darwin***
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proposed theory of sexual selection, had no interest in nature as a child, studied theology and medicine
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commander of H.M.S. beagle ***
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capt. fitzroy
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adaptive radiation
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diversification of one foundling species into multiple species
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natural selection
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differential reproductive success over multiple generations
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adaptation***
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trait produced by natural selection for a particular function that ultimately leads to survivorship or reproduction
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fitness***
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reproductive success
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adaptive evolution
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compatibility between an organism and its environment through time
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population
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interbreeding group of organisms
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mutation***
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also occur in somatic cells and influence phenotypes, ultimate source of genetic variation, must appear in gametes in order to be inherited
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four principles of natural selection
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variation, heredibility, competition, survival of the fittest
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sexual selection
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evolutionary change that occurs because of variation in ability to acquire mates
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intrasexual selection
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male-male competition (canines/horns)
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intersexual selection***
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female choice (peacock's tail attracts females)
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mitochondria
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organelle that contains DNA
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somatic cells
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cells that aren't sex cells
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gametes***
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sex cells (TWO TYPES)
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autosomes
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makes proteins that govern all physical characteristics except sex
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sex chromosomes
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male (XY), female (XX)
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nucleotides
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building block of DNA and RNA (sugar, phosphate, base
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protein***
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folded up string of amino acids
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types of bases
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A, C, G, T
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amino acids
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molecules that form protein (20 types)
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codons***
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triplet of nucleotide bases... ONE SPECIFIES ONE AMINO ACID
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genetic code
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relationship between codons and amino acids
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transcription
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info from DNA is transcribed into mRNA nucleus
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translation***
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occurs outside of the nucleus
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mutation
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ultimate source of genetic variation
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mitosis
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cell division in somatic cells (produces diploid cells)
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meiosis
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in humans... produces haploid gametes
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DNA functions
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replicate, make proteins, coordinate activity of proteins
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diploid number
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46 in humans
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haploid number
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23 in humans
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locus
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location where homologus genes are located
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heterozygous***
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having different alleles at a particular locus
ex. CGCaccggcgCAAT ATAaccggcgTCGA |
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homozygous
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same alleles at a locus
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genotype
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genetic make up
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phenotype***
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observable traits that are expressed by genotype
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if Aa and Aa mate what will phenotypic ratio be (A=dimpled, a=not dimpled)
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3 dimpled, 1 not (AA, Aa, Aa, aa)
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heritability***
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extent to which offspring resemble parents
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10,000 children...half have dimples, half don't... A1=recessive/no dimple, A2=dominant/dimple. what are parent phenotypes?
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mom= A1A1, dad=A1A2
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where did BU biologist study in Darwin's Dangerous Idea
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Equador and Andes Mts
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Hardy Weinberg
if A1 has .5 frequency |
p2 + 2pq + q2 = expected rate
.52 + 2(.5)(.5) =.25 |
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deviation from H-W implies:
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1) selection is acting on population, allele frequencies changed across generations, mating is non-random
2) genetic locus is evolving |
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evolutionary forces
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natural/sexual selection, genetic drift, mutation, migration
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two forces that can create two new species***
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disruptive selection and genetic drift
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environment can mean...
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nutrition, temp, exposure to sun
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pleiotropy
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when a single locus controls more than one trait
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continuous and polygenic traits
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continuous bell-shaped distribution (ex. height, weight)
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directional selection
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very tall is more fit than others
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stabilizing selection
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average height is more fit
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disruptive selection
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tall an short are more fit... average is less fit
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modern synthesis is also called...
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evolutionary synthesis
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____ are both necessary for adaptation
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mutation and selection
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microevolution
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occurring below the species level
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macroevolution
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production of new species
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typological species concept (pre-darwinian thinking)
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single type member, varies from inferior types
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biological species concept
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species are groups of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated
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recognition species concept
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emphasizes mate recognition and genetic cohesion
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ecological species concept
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group adapted to same niche
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isolating mechanisms
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geographic, behavioral, ecological
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founder effect
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isolating event leads to reproductive isolation
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in a small population...
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more allele frequency change will occur independent of fitness and genetic variation will be removed more quickly
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allopatric speciation
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new species due to geographic isolation
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allopatry
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species in different areas
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sympatry
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species in same area
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extinction can be caused by...
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climate changes, predation, competition,
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ecological niche***
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position of species within its physical and bio environment
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circumstances of adaptive radiation
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extinction of competitors, colonization of area, adaptive breakthrough
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punctuated equilibrium**
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species evolve rapidly during speciation
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linnaean hierarchy
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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bones in the wing of a bat and in the flipper of a porpoise are...***
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homologus
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chickens don't have...
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nipples
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homologus traits have...
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same basic underlying structure and development
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allopatry
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species in different areas
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sympatry
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species in same area
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extinction can be caused by...
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climate changes, predation, competition,
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ecological niche***
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position of species within its physical and bio environment
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circumstances of adaptive radiation
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extinction of competitors, colonization of area, adaptive breakthrough
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punctuated equilibrium**
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species evolve rapidly during speciation
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linnaean hierarchy
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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bones in the wing of a bat and in the flipper of a porpoise are...***
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homologus
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chickens don't have...
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nipples
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homologus traits have...
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same basic underlying structure and development
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allopatry
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species in different areas
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sympatry
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species in same area
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extinction can be caused by...
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climate changes, predation, competition,
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ecological niche***
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position of species within its physical and bio environment
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circumstances of adaptive radiation
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extinction of competitors, colonization of area, adaptive breakthrough
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punctuated equilibrium**
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species evolve rapidly during speciation
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linnaean hierarchy
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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bones in the wing of a bat and in the flipper of a porpoise are...***
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homologus
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chickens don't have...
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nipples
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homologus traits have...
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same basic underlying structure and development
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homoplasy
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separate development of analogies in unrelated species
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cladograms reflect...
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relative tendency of common ancestry
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ERA***
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cenozoic
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PERIOD***
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Tertiary (65mya-1.8mya)
Quaternary (1.8mya-present) |
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EPOCH!***
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Holocene 10k-present
Pleistocene 1.8-10k Pliocene 5-1.8mya Miocene 23-5mya Oligocene 35-23mya Eocene 53-35mya Paleocene 65-53mya |
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Lithospheric plates
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ocean floor and continents positioned on 8 of these
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two major land masses 125mya
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laurasia and gondwana
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CLASS
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mammalia
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subclasses
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prototheria, metatheria, eutheria
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traits that distinguish living nonhuman primates from other mammals include...
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stereoscopic vision and convergent orbits, tropical distribution, opposable big toe, friction pads on fingers and toes
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ex of prototheria
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monotremes (platypus)
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ex of metatheria
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marsupials (kangaroos)
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ex of eutheria
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placentals (lynx)
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traits that distinguish mammals from reptiles
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vivipary and heterodonty
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prosimians
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lemurs, lorises, tarsiers
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anthropoids
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apes, monkeys, humans
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prosimians have ____ which anthropoids don't
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tooth comb and postorbital closure
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strepsirhines
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lemurs and lorises
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haplorhines
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apes, monkeys, humans, and tarsiers
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arboreal hypothesis
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traits arose from living in trees
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visual predation hypothesis
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convergence of traits with other visually-oriented predators
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lemurs & lorises distribution
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africa and asia
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lemurs & lorises general features
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tooth comb,
grooming claw, tapetum lucidum, CATHEMERAL |
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lemurs & lorises social system
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gregarious and solitary
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tarsiers distribution
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southeast asia, philippines
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tarsiers general features
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grooming claw,
no tapetum lucidum or tooth comb, nocturnal, insectivorous |
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tarsiers social system
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dispersed or solitary, paired
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tarsiers can be grouped...
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with monkeys, apes, and humans to form haplorhines
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platyrrhines distribution
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south america, central america, mexico
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platyrrhines general features
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broad, flat noses
arboreal 2:1:3:3 prehensile tail |
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platyrrhines social system
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gregarious and pair living
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cercopithecoidea (old world monkeys)
distribution |
africa and asia
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cercopithecoidea (old world monkeys) general features***
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2:1:2:3
terrestrial / arboreal |
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cercopithecoidea (old world monkeys) social system
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paired living and gregarious
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hominoidea distribution
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everywhere (humans), africa and asia (others)
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hominoidea general features
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larger body size
no tail flexible shoulder |
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gibbons and siamangs
(features and social living) |
locomotor adaptations
arboreal brachiators frugivours pair living |
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orangutans
(features and social living) |
arboreal
dispersed social system VERY sexually dimorphic frugivorous endangered |
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gorilla
(features and social living) |
folivorous
sexually dimorphic one-male groups |
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chimpanzees
(features and social living) |
2 species (bonono and common chimp)
multi-male/multi-female frugivorous/ will eat anything |
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humans
(features and social living) |
bipedal, large brain, little body hair, omnivorous
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positional behavior
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locomotor movements and postural behaviors
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postural behavior is mostly associated with...***
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harvesting food and resting
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proteins are essential for
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growth, reproduction, and survival
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carbs are a ready source of
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energy
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basal metabolic rate
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rate of energy expenditure to maintain life when at rest
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large animals eat
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less calories per unit of body mass
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small animals eat
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more calories per unit of body mass
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insects
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lots of protein, easy to digest, abundant but hard to find
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leaves
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lots of protein, hard to digest, abundant and easy to find
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strategies to avoid inbreeding ***
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female philopatry and male dispersal
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scramble competition
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loose access to resources
food patches low value or highly abundant |
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contest competition***
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exclude others to source
associated with differentiated dominance relationships |
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female primates exhibit ____ to attract mates
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estrus swelling
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male-male competition includes
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precopulatory and postcopulatory patterns
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precopulatory
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fighting and agility
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postcopulatory ***
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sperm competition, INFANTICIDE
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female counter-strategies to infanticide***
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promiscuous mating and seeking protection from a particular male
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albino lemur in "a lemur's tale" named:***
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Sapphire
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example of a ring species in a salamander's tale by dawkins
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ensatina
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spider monkeys have ____ than howler monkeys (gut thinking)
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larger brains
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human foot print has ***
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heel strike and toe off patterns
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reproductive altruism***
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related individuals help each other to extend genetic material RxB>C
individuals must interact on more than one occassion |
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reciprocal altruism***
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take turns helping / benefits
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paleoanthropology based on...***
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historical science
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absolute dating technique***
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chronometric
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paleoanthropologists define hominds on the basis of ***
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phylogenetic criteria and diagnostic criteria
basis of membership on the lineage that leads to modern humans and bipedalism |
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early humans resemble... ***
because of...*** |
chimps
cultural attributes, warfare |
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australopithecines were***
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bipeds AND ancestral to orangutans
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early fossil hominids
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Proconsul, dryopithecus, sivapithecus
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bipedal adapations
PELVIS |
shorter pubic bones, bowl-shaped, stabilze
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bipedal adaptations
FEMUR *** |
bicondylar angle
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bipedal adaptations
VERTEBRAE |
spinal curve keeps weight centered
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bipedal adaptations
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS |
larger in humans than chimps to stabilize trunk and help thigh move backward
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Pre-australopithicines
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Sehalanthropus
Orrorin Ardipthecus |
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sahelanthropus 6-7mya
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320-380
sagittal crest large brow bridge foramen magnum somewhat anterior hominid? |
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orrorin 6mya
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bipedality features in femur
teeth have chimp-like features |
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ardipithecus 5.8-1.2mya
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bipedality features in toes
anterior foramen magnum thin enamels on molars |
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Australopithecines had ***
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more difficult births
mix of climbing and bipedal adaptations lived in east and south africa more prognathic than later hominds |
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anamensis to ghari
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GRACILE!
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A. Anamensis (4.2-3.9mya)
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Kenya
bipedal bicondylar angle sectorial premolar |
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A. Afarensis (3.7-3mya)
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438cc
e. africa (laetoli) bipedal prognathic sexually dimorphic u-shaped teeth difficult births |
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A. Africanus (3.3-2mya)***
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S. Africa
curved fingers u-shaped dental arcade facial prognathism heel strike / toe off foot print very little sexual dimorphism |
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A. Ghari (2.5mya) were the first to
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use tools
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kenyathropus platyops
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flat non-prognathic face
small brain 400-500cc |
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robust have ____ and gracile don't
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molar teeth with thick enamel
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P. Aethiopicus (2.6mya)
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410cc
prognathic face sagittal crest large molars |
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P. Robustus (2-1.5mya)
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530cc
S. African sagittal crest infratemporal fossae large molars modern hands and feet |
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P. Boisei (2-1mya)
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530cc
E. African sagittal crest sexually dimorphic extreme dish shaped face |
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diet of robust consisted of ***
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hard objects / nuts
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Australopithcines in order
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anamensis, afarensis, africanus, ghari, kenyathropus, aethipoicus, robustus, boisei
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homo in order***
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habilis, erectus / ergaster, heidlbergensis / neandertalensis, sapiens
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h. habilis was found...***
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in east and south africa
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habilis tool
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olduwan
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taphonomy
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study of what happens to something after to die
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Dart argued...
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rip up the belly... humans were predators because we had tools
osteodontokoratic tool - bone, tooth, horn |
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ck brain
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africanus was likely eaten by leopards
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homo erectus (1.8mya-200,000kya)***
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750-1250cc
large browridge thick cranial bones low forehead broad at skull base SHOVEL SHAPED INCISORS |
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zhoukoudian
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evidence for fire found here with erectus
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turkana boy
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almost complete erectus
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erectus tools
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acheulian
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african form of erectus
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ergaster
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heidlbergensis (800-200kya) brain size
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1200cc
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heidlbergensis found in..
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africa (kabwe), europe (steinheim), asia (dali)
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heidlbergensis tools
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levallois
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neanderthalensis (130-30kya)
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1245-1740cc
large brown ridges prognathism large nasal opening short, robust, and heavily muscled |
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neandertal tools
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mousterian
chattelperonian |
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neandertal language
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regulated breathing
low position of larynx increased basicranial flexion short tongue TYMPANIC MEMBRANE NOT USED |
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neandertals had no____ and did not live in the _____
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chin, far east
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early homo sapiens
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skhul cave, cro-magnon, kow swamo
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modern homo sapiens have...
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vertical forheads
small incisors pyramid shaped mastoid process |
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modern homo sapiens do not have...
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curved fingers
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complete replacement model
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homo sapiens moved from africa to europe and asia and did not interbreed
evidence in europe |
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partial replacement model
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moved from africa to eurasia with existing hominids
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regional continuity model***
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from all parts of the world and their ancestors previously occupied regions
EXTENSIVE GENE FLOW EVIDENCE IN ASIA |
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modern origins second dispersal
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50-15kya
neandertal replacement and first exploration of the new world |
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bioarchaeology
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the biological context of life and death from a cultural and archaeological persepective
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forensic anthropology
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determines the causes and context of death w/ respect to legal and criminal matters
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steps in investigations
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collect data, process in lab, bio profile, taphonomy, identify
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biological profile includes...***
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age, sex, ancestry, injury/disease
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lots of changes occur...***
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0-18yrs
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age
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teeth and mandibles
pubic symphysis fusion of epiphyses |
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sex
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pelvis
skull |
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ancestry
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some traits have a high frequency among populations
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injury, stress, disease
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ability to heal/recover
permanent mark |
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enamel hypoplasia
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partially developed enamel
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adaptive phenotypic plasticity
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ability to make beneficial physiological adjustments in phenotype in response to the environment
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regulatory genes
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genes responsible for adaptive phenotypic plasticity
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adaptive phenotypic plasticity affected by...
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temperature, altitude, skin color / uv radiation,
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vasodilation
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blood cells expand / pass close by skin to cool off
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vasoconstriction
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blood cells constrict / don't go near skin
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temperature
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hot- small body / longer limbs
cold- large body / small limbs |
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altitude
|
short term- increase in respiratory, heart rate, and red blood cells
|
|
|
hypoxia
|
lack of oxygen in body
|
|
|
skin
|
largest organ
|
|
|
skin color
|
hemoglobin, carotene, melanin
|
|
|
melanin produced by...
|
melanocytes
|
|
|
darker skin caused by...
|
melanocytes absorb UV rays
people along equator absorb more |
|
|
uv rays damage...
|
folate acid
|
|
|
advantage of no hair
|
fewer parasites, better cooling
|
|
|
classification of humans (4 properties)
|
phenotypic, ethnocentric, biological determinism, taxonomically arbitrary
|
|
|
phenotypic
|
skin color, hair type, nose shape
|
|
|
ethnocentric
|
those who did the classifying placed themselves on top
|
|
|
biological determinism
|
social and cultural characteristics genetically determined
|
|
|
early attempts to classify race were
|
ethnocentric
|
|
|
anders retzius
|
classified cranial shape
|
|
|
dolichocephalic
|
long, narrow head
|
|
|
brachycephalic
|
wide head
|
|
|
three types of races based on immigration
|
negroid, caucasoid, and mongoloid
|
|
|
differences between races
|
8%
|
|
|
differences among individuals within races
|
92%
|
|
|
brain stem
|
metabolic activities
|
|
|
cerebellum
|
balance, posture
|
|
|
cerebrum
|
higher thinking
|
|
|
primary cortex***
|
motor/sensory output
|
|
|
association cortex
|
processing signals
|
|
|
sulci
|
grooves
|
|
|
gyri
|
ridges
|
|
|
frontal lobe
|
analytical reasoning, cognition, memory, judgment
|
|
|
IQ tests
|
assume that all aspects are correlated and can be measured in one test
|
|
|
general factor on IQ tests
|
G
|
|
|
motherese
|
infant-directed speech
|
|
|
communication
|
any act that conveys info between people
|
|
|
modes of communication
|
tactile, olfactory, visual, vocal,
NOT AUDITORY |
|
|
spoken language
|
verbal expression and anatomical specialization
|
|
|
semantic
|
words are linked to real-world objects
|
|
|
phonemic
|
words are made up from small sounds (phonemes)
|
|
|
grammatical
|
system of using word classes (tenses) and word order (syntax)
|
|
|
FOXP2
|
a gene that is important in language and speech production
|
|
|
FOXP2 conserved
|
basic sequence of nucleotides is similar among many species
|
|
|
social gossip
|
language exchanges social information about group members when group sizes are large (replaces grooming mechanism)
|
|
|
social contract
|
language contracts and social bonds among ancestral monogamous
|
|
|
social flare
|
language is a means to for males to attract females
|
|
|
ABO blood system
|
3 alleles, 6 genotypes, 4 phenotypes
|
|
|
co-dominance
|
alleles differ in frequency
|
|
|
bio-cultural (something)
|
when cultural practices influence genetic variation
|
|
|
cross cultural universals DO NOT include
|
infanticide
|
|
|
environment of evolutionary adaptedness is best described by...
|
small groups of hunter gatherers
|
|
|
sickle cell anemia and malaria genotypes
|
AA, AS, SS
AA and AS can live, AS more likely to live |
|
|
global warming and malaria
|
spread of malaria to northern regions
|
|
|
balanced polymorphism
|
maintenance of two or more alleles in a population due to selection for the heterozygote
|
|
|
infectious disease is caused by..
|
microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
|
|
|
epidemiological transitions
hunter gatherer |
more highly prized and re-distributable
|
|
|
epidemiological transitions
agriculture |
large group, high density
|
|
|
vectors
|
agents that carry disease
|
|
|
epidemiological transitions
industrial |
technology to fight diseases / eradicate
overuse of antibiotics |
|
|
epidemiological transitions
post-industrial |
globalization and urbanization, deforestation and consumerism, and increase in air-travel
|
|
|
life cycle has how many stages
|
6
|
|
|
prenatal stage
offspring v. mom |
embryonic cells attack placenta to increase blood flow
|
|
|
infant stage
|
brain has extend growth
|
|
|
juvenile
|
major time of social skills
|
|
|
juvenile
adrenarchy |
release of hormone that helps adrenal glands, which help shape the glands
|
|
|
subadult period
|
sexual maturity, lower rates of skeletal growth, puberty
|
|
|
adult stage
|
parental investment
|
|
|
senescence
|
deterioration of body function as we grow
|
|
|
menopause
|
gradual cessation of menstrual cycle
|
|
|
grandmother hypothesis
|
women stop reproducing to help care for grandchildren
menopause is adaptive |
|
|
antagonistic pleiotropy
|
genes that are beneficial early in life can have adverse affects later in life
|
|
|
lawler studies ____ in _____
|
sifaka in madagascar
|
