Biolody Topic 10 (Animals)

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Kingdom Animalia

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-Mulicellular Heterotrophs
-No Cell Walls
-Monophyletic Group (evolved from choanoflagellates)

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Characteristics of Animals

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-Diversity in form (invertebrates and vertebrates)
-Sexual reproduction: Gametic Meiosis, Egg Nonmotile, flagellated sperm
-Active Movement
-Cells move during development and life

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Embryonic Development

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Zygote-> Morula (solid ball of cells
Morula-> blastula (hollow ball)
Blastula->gastrula (ball folds into form a hollow sac with one opening:Blastophore)
-Blastophore becomes mouth or anus

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Subkingdom Parazoa

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Contains Phylum Porifera

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Phylum Porifera(sponges)

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-Paraphyletic
-Asymmetrical
-free swimming larvae
-Adults sessile
-Filter Feeders= water comes through pores into *spongocoel* and leaves through *osulum*. *Choanocytes* move water using flagella
*Spicules* CaCO3 form skeleton
*Spongin* (protein) forms body
-Reproduction- Some splitting, and some have eggs and sperm

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Subkingdom Eumetazoa

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-Rest of animals
-Radial or Bilateral Symmetry
-Body Plan(development of tissues with structure and function)
-Tissue layers: Diploblastic(2 layers in embryo)
*Ectoderm* outer layer: source of epidermis and nervous system
*Endoderm* inner layer: becomes gut(gastrodermis)
=found in Radiata
-Triploblastic (3 cell layers in embryo)
*Mesoderm* middle layer: most organs form from this tissue
=Found in all Bilataria

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Eumetazoa Transitions

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-Radial Symmetry
-Bilateral Symmetry
-Body plan w/ dorsal and ventral regions
-Body plan w/ anterior and posterior regions
-Development of Body cavity(allows for development of efficient organ systems)
-Development of *protosomes->*deuterosomes
-Segmentation

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Bilateral Symmetry

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-Move more efficiently
-Seek food better
-Escape Predators better
-Central nerve cord
-Cephalization

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Pseudocoelomates

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-Have fluid filled cavity(coelom)b/t mesoderm and endoderm

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Coelomates

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-Have fluid filled cavity within mesoderm and surrounded by mesodermal tissue.
-Have circulatory system
Better than pseduo b/c...
-Endoderm and mesoderm are better able to communicate
-Allows for development of more complex digestive system.

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Protosomes vs. Deuterosomes

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1. "first mouth"
-blastophore becomes mouth
-cell fate determined
2. "second mouth"
-blastophore becomes anus
-any cell can develp a complete orgainism

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Segmentation Advantages

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-Redundancy
-More flexible locomotion
-More opportunity for specialization
*Annelida, Arthropoda, and Chordata

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Radiata

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-Paraphyletic
-Radial Symmetry
-Phylum Cnidaria and Ctenophora
-Tissue but no true organs

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Phylum Cnidaria

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-nerve net
-carnivourous
-many biolum.
*Cnidocytes* contain *nematocysts: barbed projectiles that penetrate prey, propelled by water pressure
-Internal digestion
- 1 opening:Mouth/Anus from blastophore
~Life Cyle~
-larva= *planula*: cilia to swim
-polyp= sessile, have a holdfast to anchor
-medusa=umbrella shaped and motile

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Class Hydrozoa

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-Both polyp and medusa
-Marine and colonial
-Portuguese man of war

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Class Scyphozoa (jelly fish)

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-Medusa dominant
-Ring of muscular epithelial tissue propels animal
-separate sexes
-inconspicous polyp produces multiple medusa

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Class Cubozoa (box jellyfish)

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-Medusa box shaped
-tentacle at each corner
-inconspicuous polyps
-Some fatal to humans

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Class Anthzoa (sea anemones and corals)

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-Largest class
-Polyp dominant
-Most have symbiotic algae(food via photosynthesis)
*Anemones- fairly free moving, muscular
*Corals- CaCO exoskeletons

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Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies or sea walnuts)

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-Radially symmetrical
-Anal pores
-Fused cilia for locomotion
-most are biolum.

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Bilateria

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-Bilateral symmetry
-triploblastic

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Acoelomates

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-Simplest
-Solid worms with no body cavity
-Definite head and organs

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Phylum Platyhelminthes(flatworms)

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-Ribbon shaped
-most are parasitic
-Incomplete gut
-Excretory system w/ flame cells to regulate water balance
-No circulatory system
*Hermaphroditic w/ internal fertilization

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Class Turbellaria

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-Only free living flat worms
-Cilia for movt
-Eyespots
-Sensory pits
-include planaria

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Class Trematoda (flukes)

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-All parasitic
-Use mouth to feed
-Attach via suckers or hooks
*Pathogens of humans: Liver Flukes (raw fish)and Blood Flukes

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Class Cestoda(tape worms)

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-all parasitic
-absorb food through skin
*Scolex: attachment organ with suckers
*neck:attaches scolex to proglottids
*proglotidds: hermaphroditic units, making sperm and egg, embryos develop and shed through feces
*Human Pathogen: Beef Tapeworm

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Phylum Nertea (ribbon worms)

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-like free living flat worms
-often large
*proboscis: long muscular tube used to capture prey
-Simplest of Bilateria
-simplest animal to have circulatory system

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Pseudocoelomates

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-Pseudocoel serves as hydrostatic skeleton
-Movt more efficient
-No defined circulatory system
-complete digestive system

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Phylum Nematoda(roundworms)

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-Microscopic
-Covered my cuticle
-Longitudinal Muscles
-Many are *parasites, mouth often has *stylets for piercing, *pharynx sucks up food
Human Pathogen *Trichonisis (raw pork)
-No cilia or flagella
-Sexual (dioecious)

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Phylum Rotifera

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-Freshwater
-Free living
*Corona* ciliated food gathering organ at tip (filter feeders)
-"wheel animals" b/c of beating cilia
-Separate sexes
*Parthenogensis- development of unfertilized eggs
*Bdellid- no sexual reproduction ever seen