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26 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Transforming the World
A. Origins/Diversifications of Seed Plants

B. Adaptations of Seed Plants
Adaptations of Seed Plants
a) Dominant in bryophytes, but reduced in other seedless plants
				
(Ex. Pinecone – female gametophyte)
			
b) Develop on parental sporophyte
			
c) Parental sporophyte provides nutrients
			
d) Parental sporophyte protects against envi...
a) Dominant in bryophytes, but reduced in other seedless plants

(Ex. Pinecone – female gametophyte)

b) Develop on parental sporophyte

c) Parental sporophyte provides nutrients

d) Parental sporophyte protects against environmental stresses (drought, disease, UV radiation, etc.)
Heterospory: differences in spores
megasporangia and microsporangia
megasporangia and microsporangia
megasporangia
(in megasporophylls) produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

Mega = Female
(in megasporophylls) produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

Mega = Female
microsporangia
(in microsporophyll’s) produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
	
Many microspores are produced
(in microsporophyll’s) produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

Many microspores are produced
Ovules and egg production
1.) Ovule

2.)) Layers of sporophyte tissue (integuments) envelop and protect the megasporangium
1.) Ovule

2.)) Layers of sporophyte tissue (integuments) envelop and protect the megasporangium
Ovule
megasporangium, megaspore, and integuments; where eggs are produces
megasporangium, megaspore, and integuments; where eggs are produces
Pollen and sperm production
1)pollen

2)pollination
1)pollen

2)pollination
pollen
pollen: mature microspores which carry the male gametophyte
pollen: mature microspores which carry the male gametophyte
pollination
transfer of pollen to ovules

•	Carried by wind or attached to animals
transfer of pollen to ovules

• Carried by wind or attached to animals
Seed
embryo, along with food supply, packaged within a protective coat derived from the integuments
embryo, along with food supply, packaged within a protective coat derived from the integuments
Advantage of Seeds
a) Resistant to harsh environments
		
	b) Able to disperse more widely			
			
c) Complexity with multicellularity
a) Resistant to harsh environments

b) Able to disperse more widely

c) Complexity with multicellularity
Gymnosperms
- Plants whose seeds are not enclosed in ovaries (naked), not exposed on   
   modified leaves (needles), but located in cones
•	Examples:  conifers (firs, pines, redwoods
- Plants whose seeds are not enclosed in ovaries (naked), not exposed on
modified leaves (needles), but located in cones
• Examples: conifers (firs, pines, redwoods
Flower Features:
Coneds shaped cells
on the surface of pedals allows pollinators to get  a grip  increasing the effiiency of pollination

Even flowers that feel smoooth offer traction 


Ex: Helps Bees hang on to flowers
on the surface of pedals allows pollinators to get a grip increasing the effiiency of pollination

Even flowers that feel smoooth offer traction


Ex: Helps Bees hang on to flowers
Fruits
1) can be either fleshy or dry

2)protect dormant seeds

3) assist in seed despersion
Wind – dandelions
Water – coconuts
Animal exteriors – burrs
Animal interiors – fruits
1) can be either fleshy or dry

2)protect dormant seeds

3) assist in seed despersion
Wind – dandelions
Water – coconuts
Animal exteriors – burrs
Animal interiors – fruits
Cross pollination
transfer of pollen from the anther of one plants to the stigma of aNOTHER PLANT (same species) for fertilization

(Facilitated by different maturation times or arrangement of reproductive organs)
transfer of pollen from the anther of one plants to the stigma of aNOTHER PLANT (same species) for fertilization

(Facilitated by different maturation times or arrangement of reproductive organs)
Aftert the pollen lands on the stigma
a pollen tube dsrows down the style,  to the ovary and penetrates the in the interguments, fertilizing the egg
a pollen tube dsrows down the style, to the ovary and penetrates the in the interguments, fertilizing the egg
Double fertilization
occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg forming the embryo, and another sperm fuses with the central cell forming the endoderm (embryo nutrition)
*Unique to angiosperms
occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg forming the embryo, and another sperm fuses with the central cell forming the endoderm (embryo nutrition)
*Unique to angiosperms
Evolution of Angiosperm
1) Began to emerge 140 mya

2)Became a dominate group 65 mya 

3) Common ancestor difficult to dertermin because of vast diversity

4)Relationships between pollinators and plants develops over time
1) Began to emerge 140 mya

2)Became a dominate group 65 mya

3) Common ancestor difficult to dertermin because of vast diversity

4)Relationships between pollinators and plants develops over time
Monocots
Species with one colyldon 
a) single cotyledon 

b)parallel leaf veins

c)Scattered vascular tissue 

d)
Species with one colyldon
a) single cotyledon

b)parallel leaf veins

c)Scattered vascular tissue

d)
Dicots
species with two cotyledons 

a) Double cotyledons

b)Net like leaf veins 

c) Ringed vascular tissue

d) Floral parts multiples  = 4/5

e) Taproot system
species with two cotyledons

a) Double cotyledons

b)Net like leaf veins

c) Ringed vascular tissue

d) Floral parts multiples = 4/5

e) Taproot system
Products from Seed plants
six crops yield 80% of all calories comsumed by humans

*Wheat, rice, maize, cassava, potatoes and sweet potatoes

*4.8 kg grain required for every 1.0 kg of grain-fed beef produced
six crops yield 80% of all calories comsumed by humans

*Wheat, rice, maize, cassava, potatoes and sweet potatoes

*4.8 kg grain required for every 1.0 kg of grain-fed beef produced
Corn (maize)
has undergone selective (artificial) breeding in ordewr to yield more food and taste better
has undergone selective (artificial) breeding in ordewr to yield more food and taste better
Medicine
25% of all persciptions drugs contain one more active ingredients extracted or derived from plants
25% of all persciptions drugs contain one more active ingredients extracted or derived from plants
Threats to Plant Diversity
1. Increasing human population 

2. Deforestation
1. Increasing human population

2. Deforestation
Reduction of Plant Diversity
1.Extinction of plants and animals directly dependant on those plants

2. Loss of potential new sources of food and medicine 
*Only 5,00 of 290,000 species have been explored by new sources
1.Extinction of plants and animals directly dependant on those plants

2. Loss of potential new sources of food and medicine
*Only 5,00 of 290,000 species have been explored by new sources