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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is Physiology?
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The study of normal biological function, from cell => tissue, tissue => organ, and organ => system, as well as how the organism as a whole accomplishes particular tasks essential to life.
or The study of "how" something happens. |
pg 003 and 005
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What does the emphasis on the study of normal biological function focus on?
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"Mechanisms" (exactly how a particular function is performed.)
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pg 003
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What concept do the following examples pertain to?
(a) How is the heartbeat produced, and how is the heart rate regulated? (b) How do we digest fat? (c) How is blood sugar concentration regulated? |
These are examples of mechanisms.
or The concept that is the emphasis in the study of physiology. |
pg. 003
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What is the more general science of mammalian physiology called?
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Human Physiology.
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pg.004
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What study of normal biological function of what 2 categories are part of a more general science termed "Animal Physiology?"
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Vertebrates and Invertebrates.
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pg. 004
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What is comparative Physiology?
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The study of how a particular bodily function is accomplished in different groups. Ex:Vertebrates vs. Invertebrates.
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pg. 004
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What is the reason the author gives for why we often do not know the physiological mechanisms in humans as well as we do for mice or rats?
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Ethical reasons.
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pg. 004
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What is the theme of Physiology?
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Homeostasis.
or The constancy of the body's internal environment. |
pg. 006
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Why do the physiological processes and regulatory mechanisms in physiology exist?
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To maintain homeostasis.
or Maintain the constancy of the body's internal environment. |
pg. 006
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What is the term used to identify the "dynamic" constancy of the internal environment?
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Homeostasis.
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pg.006
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What do the examples of conditions such as: Blood Pressure and Deep body temperature, refer to?
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The internal environment.
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pg. 006
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What effect would a parasympathetic nerve have on the heart rate?
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Slows it down
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pg. 006
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What effect would a sympathetic nerve have on the heart rate?
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Speeds it up
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pg. 006
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If the study of physiology is largely concerned with the process of answering the question of "how." What does the theme of homeostasis answer?
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It answers the question, "Why."
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pg. 007
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How is the process referring to the active, dynamic physiological control processes that constantly fights changes to maintain a relatively constant condition within our body maintained?
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The process is Homeostasis.
It is maintained by Negative Feedback loops. |
What is this process called?
pg. 007 |
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What are some of the key components of negative feedback loops?
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1. Integrating centers
2.Sensors 3.Effectors |
There are 3.
pg.008 |
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In a negative feedback loop what is often considered to be the integrating center?
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A particular part of the brain.
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pg. 008
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In a negative feedback loop what are the sensors?
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The sensors are cells, often Neurons or Gland cells.
or cells that respond to specific stimuli. |
pg. 008
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In a negative feedback loop what are the effectors (usually)?
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Muscles or Glands.
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pg. 008
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What is the term for components that both act through negative feedback loops, but have opposing effects?
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"Antagonistic Effectors."
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pg. 008
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How are the negative feedback loops of antagonistic effectors activated?
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They are activated by opposing stimuli.
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pg. 008
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What example is given for antagonistic effectors?
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Shivering skeletal muscles and sweat glands.
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pg. 008
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In this scenario, falling blood pressure below the set point is considered to be the stimulus. What is the the specific component in this example that are responding to the stimulus called?
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Baroreceptors
or Baroceptors or Blood pressure receptors |
Fall in blood pressure is the stimulus and it activates sensors. What are these specific sensors called in this scenario?
pg. 008 |
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In the scenario given concerning a fall in blood pressure, what would be the integrating center?
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The medulla oblongata.
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pg. 008
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In the example given concerning a negative feedback loop involving a a particular hormone and blood glucose levels. What is considered to be both the integrating center and the effector?
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The sensor cells.
or (for this example) the sensor cells are the cells located in clusters called "islets" within the pancreas. or insulin secreting cells. |
pg. 009
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What does the hormone that is secreted by cells within the pancreas do when the blood glucose levels rise?
& What tissues are primarily stimulated by this hormone? |
It stimulates certain tissues to take glucose out of the blood.
& The primary tissues stimulated are: 1. Skeletal muscles 2. Liver 3. Adipose tissue |
The hormone is insulin.
& There are primarily 3 tissue types. pg. 009 |
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What happens when an individual fasts?
& What happens to the hormone secreted by the "islets" within the pancreas? |
The blood glucose levels start to fall.
& Insulin secretion/production decreases. |
Remember how negative feedback loops work.
pg.009 |
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In general what is the goal of positive feedback?
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to Amplify changes.
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pg. 009
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Which feedback mechanism is solely responsible for maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body, Positive or Negative Feedback?
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Negative Feedback mechanisms
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pg. 009
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In the reading what examples of Positive feedback loops were given?
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1. Blood clotting.
2.Ovulation. 3.Labor and Delivery. |
There were 3.
pg. 009-010 |
