Biol2420 - From Cells To Systems #1: Cell Structure

Front 1

What is the basic unit of body structure and function?

Back 1

The cell

Hint 1

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Front 2

What separates the intracellular environment (or compartment) from the extracellular environment (or compartment)?

Back 2

The Plasma Membrane
or
Cell Membrane

Hint 2

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Front 3

What structures may be associated with the plasma membrane and are capable of movement?

Back 3

Cilia and Flagella

Hint 3

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Front 4

What are the smaller, subcellular structures within a cell called?

Back 4

Organelles

Hint 4

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Front 5

Why do the size and shape of cells, and the organelles contained within them vary greatly throughout the body?

Back 5

They variety results because the tasks the cells are needed perform vary in different organs.

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Front 6

What is each cell surrounded by?

Back 6

The Plasma Membrane
or
Cell Membrane

Hint 6

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Front 7

What can the term "membrane" refer to?

Back 7

It can refer to any relatively thin structure.

Hint 7

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Front 8

Why is the term plasma used when referring to the plasma membrane?

Back 8

Because the extracellular fluid is either blood plasma which is the liquid portion of blood or some form of a derivative from blood plasma. And there are membranes that also surround some of the organelles within the cell.

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Front 9

What is the part of the cell called that is located inside the plasma membrane but is also outside the nucleus and what does it contain?

Back 9

The Cytoplasm and it contains numerous organelles.

Hint 9

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Front 10

What does the term Cytosol refer to?

Back 10

It is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm excluding the organelles.

Hint 10

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Front 11

What is the largest organelle and what does it contain?

Back 11

The Nucleus and it contains genetic information in the form of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).

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Front 12

What is the body mostly composed of and where is the majority of this substance found?

Back 12

Water
Approximately 67% of the body’s total water is within the intracellular compartment with the remainder residing in the extracellular compartment.

Hint 12

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Front 13

What must the plasma membrane be composed of mainly since it separates the intracellular and extracellular compartments, that contain water?

Back 13

It must be composed of a water insoluble material, such as lipids.

Hint 13

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Front 14

How does is the plasma membrane formed from phospholipids?

Back 14

There is a double layer of phospholipids. This double layer of phospholipids is arranged so the hydrophilic polar portion of phospholipids can face the water inside or outside the cell and the nonpolar portions of the phospholipids face/point towards each other in the center of the plasma membrane.

Hint 14

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Front 15

True or False. The Phospholipid Bi-layer is more solid than liquid?

Back 15

False

Hint 15

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Front 16

What is found within the phospholipids’ membrane?

Back 16

Proteins

Hint 16

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Front 17

True or False. All proteins completely span the entire thickness of the phospholipid bi-layer.

Back 17

False. Some membrane proteins span the entire thickness of the membrane, while others are only partially embedded in the phospholipids.

Hint 17

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Front 18

What is the membrane model that is used to describe the phospholipid bi-layer?

Back 18

The Fluid-Mosaic Model

Hint 18

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Front 19

What are some of the functions of membrane proteins?

Back 19

1) Enzymes
2) Transport carriers
3) Receptors for regulatory molecules

Hint 19

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Front 20

What structure can increase the surface area of the plasma membrane?

Back 20

Microvilli

Hint 20

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Front 21

What is the barrier a molecule must cross from the extracellular fluid in order to enter the cell?

Back 21

The Plasma Membrane

Hint 21

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Front 22

What are Microvilli?

Back 22

Extremely tiny folds of the plasma membrane that are found on the surfaces facing the lumen, (or cavity).

Hint 22

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Front 23

What are the best known type of cilia and what kind of motion do they produce?

Back 23

Motile Cilia, they are able to wave and beat together.

Hint 23

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Front 24

What are 2 examples of Motile cilia?

Back 24

1) Cilia on the cell of the respiratory tract.
2) Cilia on the cells that line the uterine tubes.

Hint 24

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Front 25

What type of filament are cilia composed of?

Back 25

Microtubules

Hint 25

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Front 26

What is the arrangement of microtubules in motile cilia?

Back 26

9+2 arrangement

Hint 26

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Front 27

What is the arrangement of microtubules in nonmotile cilia?

Back 27

9+0 arrangement, they do not have a central pair of microtubules.

Hint 27

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Front 28

What are the only sex that produces cells that have a flagella?

Back 28

Males
Sperm is the only cell in the body that has a flagella.

Hint 28

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Front 29

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

Back 29

Makes some parts of the cytoplasm more rigid.
Serves as an anchor for structures in the cytoplasm and structures that protrude across the cell membrane.
It also acts as a transport system within the a cell.
In general it provides support and movement,

Hint 29

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Front 30

What is the function of Lysosomes?

Back 30

To remove molecules and other organelles

Hint 30

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Front 31

What is the function of Mitochondria?

Back 31

To supply cellular energy

Hint 31

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Front 32

What is the function of Ribosomes?

Back 32

They are the factories for protein synthesis

Hint 32

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Front 33

What is the function of the Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi Apparatus?

Back 33

To allow molecules to be packaged into vesicles.

Hint 33

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Front 34

What proteins function as the cytoskeleton of the cell?

Back 34

Microfilaments
and
Microtubules

Hint 34

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Front 35

What do Lysosomes contain?

Back 35

They contain more than 60 different digestive enzymes.

Hint 35

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Front 36

What is Autophagy?

Back 36

It is where lysosomes destroy organelles inside of the cell.

Hint 36

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Front 37

What is another name given for lysosomes and why?

Back 37

Suicide Bags
Because if the membrane of the lysosome is compromised it will leak it’s digestive enzymes into the cytoplasm of the cell resulting in the cellular death.

Hint 37

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Front 38

What is the name of the process that naturally occurs from lysosomes destroying the cell?

Back 38

Apoptosis
or
Programmed Cell Death

Hint 38

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Front 39

What are the only cells that do not contain mitochondria?

Back 39

Mature red Blood Cells

Hint 39

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Front 40

How many membranes do mitochondria have and what are they called?

Back 40

2 membranes called the Outer membrane and the Inner membrane.

Hint 40

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Front 41

What separates the Outer membrane and Inner membrane of the mitochondria?

Back 41

The Intramembranous Space

Hint 41

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Front 42

What does the Inner membrane of the mitochondria have, what are they called?

Back 42

Folds called Cristae

Hint 42

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Front 43

Where do the cristae of the mitochondria project and what is this region called?

Back 43

They project into the center of the mitochondria and this region is called the Matrix.

Hint 43

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Front 44

What substance do mitochondria need to produce energy and what is this process called?

Back 44

They need Oxygen
This process is known as Cellular Respiration

Hint 44

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Front 45

What makes mitochondria different from many of the other organelles?

Back 45

1) They have a double layered cellular membrane
2) They have their own DNA

Hint 45

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Front 46

Where does essentially all of mitochondria a person’s body have come from?

Back 46

The mother’s egg. Meaning the mitochondrial DNA inheritance is from mother to child.

Hint 46

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Front 47

What specifically is the primary structure of a protein determined by?

Back 47

Messenger RNA

Hint 47

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Front 48

Where are Ribosomes found?

Back 48

Floating free in the cytoplasm
or
bound to the surface of the Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Hint 48

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Front 49

How many different Endoplasmic Reticulums are there and what are they called?

Back 49

2
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
and
The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Hint 49

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Front 50

What is another name for the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Back 50

Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum

Hint 50

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Front 51

What is another name for the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Back 51

Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulum

Hint 51

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Front 52

What does the Golgi apparatus consist of?

Back 52

It has several flattened hollow sacs, stacked like pancakes. "IHOP organelle”

Hint 52

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Front 53

What are the inner structure of the hollow sacs in the Golgi Apparatus called?

Back 53

Cisternae

Hint 53

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Front 54

What must occur prior to division of a cell?

Back 54

The DNA must replicate itself

Hint 54

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Front 55

What processes are dependent on the law that states only certain base pairs can join together?

Back 55

1) DNA transcription
2) RNA translation
3) DNA replication

Hint 55

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Front 56

True or False, Chromosomes are the DNA and the form of functioning genetic material inside cells.

Back 56

False

Hint 56

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Front 57

What do chromosomes actually contain?

Back 57

Important regulatory proteins and DNA.

Hint 57

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Front 58

What are chromosomes?

Back 58

It is the condensed form of DNA along with regulatory proteins. It is condensed and packaged so that it can be moved into the new cells during cell division.

Hint 58

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Front 59

What is the form of DNA and proteins that is the functioning genetic material within the nuclei of nondividing cells called?

Back 59

Chromatin

Hint 59

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Front 60

What is the surrounding membrane of the nucleus called?

Back 60

The Nuclear Envelope

Hint 60

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Front 61

How many layers does the Nuclear Envelope have?

Back 61

2
Outer and an Inner membrane

Hint 61

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Front 62

What holds the Nuclear Envelope together and what is the specific name of these structures and what do they form?

Back 62

Protein Channels called Nuclearpore Complexes forming the nuclear pore openings.

Hint 62

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Front 63

What is the function of nuclear DNA in nondividing cells?

Back 63

To directs the synthesis of RNA

Hint 63

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Front 64

How does the RNA leave the nucleus once it has been synthesized?

Back 64

It leaves through the nucleus’ nuclear pores.

Hint 64

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Front 65

What is the region on DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide chain called?

Back 65

a Gene

Hint 65

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Front 66

What is the definition of the Human Genome?

Back 66

It is the sum of all the total genes in a cell.

Hint 66

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Front 67

True or False, Every human gene codes for only one specific protein.

Back 67

False

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Front 68

How many different types of proteins are there estimated to be and how many genes are there in humans?

Back 68

Proteins = 100,000
Genes = 25,000

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Front 69

How many genes are estimated to be active in a cell at a given time?

Back 69

Approximately 300 genes

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Front 70

What does the term Proteome refer to?

Back 70

It refers to all of the different types of proteins produced by the human genome.

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Front 71

What is the process of cell differentiation and why is it important?

Back 71

It is the process cell specialization requiring that certain genes be turned on permanently while other are turned off. It is important because this is how different tissues and organs are formed.

Hint 71

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Front 72

What is the DNA directed synthesis of RNA called?

Back 72

Genetic Transcription

Hint 72

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Front 73

In the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA what is the protein that breaks the weak hydrogen bonds between DNA bases called?

Back 73

RNA polymerase

Hint 73

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Front 74

What substances are joined together to make an RNA molecule strand?

Back 74

Ribose sugars and the phosphates of the ribonucleotides.

Hint 74

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Front 75

What are the names of the major types of RNA?

Back 75

1) mRNA =Messenger RNA
2) tRNA = Transfer RNA
3) rRNA = Robosomal RNA

Hint 75

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Front 76

Which RNA is responsible for allocating amino acids to the RNA which is a complementary copy of a gene that codes for the structure of a protein?

Back 76

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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Front 77

Which major type of RNA is a copy of a gene that codes for a protein structure?

Back 77

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Hint 77

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Front 78

Which type of RNA is a portion of the structure that is responsible for production of proteins?

Back 78

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Hint 78

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Front 79

What type of ribose and phosphate of ribonucleotide can only align with only a specific nucleotide base on the complementart copy of a gene that codes for the structure of a specific protein?

Back 79

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Hint 79

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Front 80

What is responsible for joining a specific amino acid to the head end of the tRNA and where does this occur?

Back 80

Enzymes
This occurs in the cytoplasm

Hint 80

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Front 81

What is the term for the genetic code carrying structure’s that resides in the nucleus, ability to make a copy of itself?

Back 81

DNA Replication

Hint 81

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Front 82

What is the specific protein that functions in DNA replication?

Back 82

DNA Polymerase

Hint 82

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Front 83

What is the process called that produces 2 identical basic units of body structure and function?

Back 83

Mitosis

Hint 83

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Front 84

What are some examples of what mitotic cellular division allows for?

Back 84

1) Fertilized egg growing into a baby
2) Organs to grow
3) Cells to be replenished in a tissue

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Front 85

What does the process of mitotic cellular division allow for in the epidermis and stomach?

Back 85

New Epidermis approximately every 2 weeks and a new Stomach lining every 2-3 days.

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Front 86

What is the name of the type of cellular division that occurs in the structures that produces gametes?

Back 86

Meiosis

Hint 86

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Front 87

What are the spindle fiber producing structures called that attach to the structure that holds the copied/duplicated chromosomes together?

Back 87

Centrioles

Hint 87

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Front 88

What is the name of the structure that binds duplicated chromosomes together called?

Back 88

The Centromere

Hint 88

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Front 89

What are the 2 reasons cellular death occurs?

Back 89

1) Normal physiological cell death called “Apoptosis.”
2) Abnormal reasons or Pathological reasons

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Front 90

What is the term called that pathological cell death leads to?

Back 90

Necrosis = (tissue death)

Hint 90

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Front 91

How are extracellular apoptotic signals sent?

Back 91

They are sent by other cells in the form of specific molecules

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Front 92

How are Intracellular apoptotic signals activated?

Back 92

By damage to the DNA or by Oxidative stress in the cell.

Hint 92

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Front 93

What are mitochondrial proteins called that activate the executioners of the cell?

Back 93

Caspases

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Front 94

What is the result of the actions of Caspases?

Back 94

Leads to DNA fragmentation and consequently the death of the cell.

Hint 94

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