Biol2420 - Female Reproductive System

Front 1

What age does sexual maturity typically occur in females?

Back 1

Between the age of 11 and 13

Hint 1

Pg. 322

Front 2

What is the most obvious signal for the onset of puberty in females and what is its name?

Back 2

The most obvious signal for the onset of puberty in females is the first discharge of menstrual blood from the vagina.

This is called Menarche

Hint 2

Pg. 322

Front 3

What are the names of the cells that are released from the ovaries and travel through the fallopian tubes?

Back 3

Ova
or
Oocytes

Hint 3

Pg. 322

Front 4

When do the ova complete meiosis or their reductive division?

Back 4

Not until they are fertilized

Hint 4

Pg. 322

Front 5

What happens once the ova are fertilized?

Back 5

They complete meiosis and implant into the inner lining of the uterus.

Hint 5

Pg. 322

Front 6

What is the name of the inner lining of the uterus called?

Back 6

Endometrium

Hint 6

Pg. 322

Front 7

What is responsible for the buildup and shedding of the endometrium?

Back 7

Cyclic changes in ovarian hormone secretion

Hint 7

Pg. 322

Front 8

What is the name of the fallopian tube extension that partially covers each ovary?

Back 8

Fimbriae

Hint 8

Pg. 322

Front 9

What is the process called when an egg cell is released from an ovary?

Back 9

Ovulation

Hint 9

Pg. 322

Front 10

What draws the ovum into the uterine tube?

Back 10

The beating of cilia on the epithelial lining of the uterine tube

Hint 10

Pg. 322

Front 11

What is the lumen of each uterine tube continuous with?

Back 11

The Uterus

Hint 11

Pg. 322

Front 12

What is the name of the muscular, pear-shaped organ held in place within the pelvic cavity by ligaments?

Back 12

The Uterus
or
Womb

Hint 12

Pg. 322

Front 13

How many layers of the uterus are there and what are their names?

Back 13

3

Perimetrium = Outer Layer
Myometrium = Middle Layer
Endometrium = Inner Layer

Hint 13

Pg. 322

Front 14

The Permerium of the uterus is an outer layer of __________.

Back 14

Connective Tissue

Hint 14

Pg. 322

Front 15

The Myometrium of the uterus is a _____ middle layer of ________.

Back 15

Thick
Smooth Muscle

Hint 15

Pg. 322

Front 16

The Endometrium of the uterus is an inner layer of ___________.

Back 16

Stratified Epithelium

Hint 16

Pg. 322

Front 17

What is the name of the narrow “neck” like region of the uterus?

Back 17

The Cervix

Hint 17

Pg. 322

Front 18

What structure is located just below the cervix?

Back 18

The Vagina

Hint 18

Pg. 322

Front 19

What type of test should be performed for early detection of cervical cancer?

Back 19

Pap Test

Hint 19

Pg. 322

Front 20

What type of procedure is recommended if cancerous cells are found on the cervix?

Back 20

A Hysterectomy

Hint 20

Pg. 322

Front 21

What is the outer opening to the vagina bordered by?

Back 21

Inner “Labia Minora”
and
Outer “Labia Majora”

Hint 21

Pg. 323

Front 22

What structure is composed of erectile tissue related to the corpus cavernosa of the penis and where is it located?

Back 22

The Clitoris

It is located at the anterior junction of the Labia Minora

Hint 22

Pg. 323

Front 23

What happens to the small structure located at the anterior junction of the Labia Minora during sexual stimulation?

Back 23

It (the Clitoris) becomes engorged with blood

Hint 23

Pg. 323

Front 24

There are ___________ equivalent to the Cowper’s glands in males that provide lubricant early in sexual stimulation.

Back 24

Mucus-Secreting Glands

Hint 24

Pg. 323

Front 25

What openings does the cleft between the Labia Minora contain?

Back 25

The Openings for:
The Urethra
and
The Vagina

Hint 25

Pg. 323

Front 26

True or False. The urinary and reproductive system in the female is the same as a males and is not separated.

Back 26

False. The urinary and reproductive systems in the female are entirely separate.
(For Example: The urethra carries only urine, and the vagina serves as the birth canal and the organ for sexual intercourse.)

Hint 26

Pg. 323

Front 27

What is the name of the ring of tissue a vagina may be partially closed by?

Back 27

The Hymen
or
Maidenhead

Hint 27

Pg. 323

Front 28

What type of physiological responses occur during an orgasm?

Back 28

Blood Pressure Rises
Pulse Rate Rises
Breathing Quickens
Wall of the Uterus and Oviducts rhythmically contract

Hint 28

Pg. 323

Front 29

True or False. Females have a refractory period just like males do.

Back 29

False. Females have no refractory period, and multiple orgasms can occur during a single sexual experience.

Hint 29

Pg. 323

Front 30

Where does Oogenesis occur?

Back 30

Within the Ovarian Follicles

Hint 30

Pg. 323

Front 31

The ovaries of a new born girl contain approximately _________ oocytes, each within its own hollow ball of cells, which is the ____________.

Back 31

2 Million
Ovarian Follicles

Hint 31

Pg. 323

Front 32

About how many oocytes does a girl have by the time she reaches puberty?

Back 32

400,000

Hint 32

Pg. 323

Front 33

Out of all the oocytes a girl if left with by the time of puberty approximately how many of them will be ovulated during the woman’s reproductive years?

Back 33

Only about 400

Hint 33

Pg. 323

Front 34

What can happen when old ova is used and fertilized in a female who is over 40 years of age?

Back 34

Old ova used and fertilized in a female over 40 may have a higher frequency of defects.

Hint 34

Pg. 323

Front 35

What type of condition do children born to older women have a higher frequency of?

Back 35

Down Syndrome

Hint 35

Pg. 323

Front 36

What is the name of a follicle before it is stimulated by FSH?

Back 36

It is a Primary Follicle

Hint 36

Pg. 323

Front 37

What does a follicle before it is stimulated by FSH contain?

Back 37

A Primary Follicle contains a Primary Oocyte.
or
A cell which has begun meiosis but the process has been arrested.
or
A cell that is still a diploid containing 46 chromosomes

Hint 37

Pg. 323

Front 38

How many chromosomes does a Primary Oocyte contain?

Back 38

46

Hint 38

Pg. 323

Front 39

What happens during the monthly cycle when FSH stimulates some of the follicles in one of the ovaries?

Back 39

The follicles in that particular ovary begin to grow and develop.

Hint 39

Pg. 324

Front 40

What is the name of the cell produced by cellular division in the follicles when the follicles are initially stimulated by FSH?

Back 40

Granulosa Cells

Hint 40

Pg. 324

Front 41

What function(s) do the Granulosa cells have?

Back 41

They surround the Oocyte and began to fill the follicle
and
Secrete an increasing amount of estrogen during this stage of the monthly cycle

Hint 41

Pg. 324

Front 42

True or False. Granulosa cells are endocrine.

Back 42

True. Granulose are endocrine that secrete increasing amounts of estrogen.

Hint 42

Pg. 324

Front 43

What do some of the growing follicles develop?
What are they called when they reach this point?

Back 43

They develop fluid-filled cavities
or
Vesicles

At this point they are known as Secondary Follicles

Hint 43

Pg. 324

Front 44

What occurs to one of the Secondary Follicles during a typical monthly cycle?

Back 44

It continues to grow as its vesicles fuse to form a single fluid-filled cavity.

Hint 44

Pg. 324

Front 45

What is the follicle known as at the stage of development when its vesicles fuse forming a single fluid-filled cavity?

Back 45

Graafian follicle
or
Mature Follicle

Hint 45

Pg. 324

Front 46

What is the development of a mature egg that is ready to become fertilized called?

Back 46

Oogenesis

Hint 46

Pg. 324

Front 47

What is produced when a primary Oocyte completes its first meiotic divison?

Back 47

2 (haploid) cells are produced
Each containing 23 chromosomes

Hint 47

Pg. 324

Front 48

True or False. Each of the haploid cells produced during the first meiotic division has chromosomes consisting of 2 duplicate strands (the Chromatids).

Back 48

True. Each of the chromosomes at this point consists of two duplicate strands or (Chromatids).

Hint 48

Pg. 324

Front 49

True or False. Each Haploid produced by the first meiotic division contains equal amounts of cytoplasm.

Back 49

False. The 2 cells contain very unequal amounts of cytoplasm.
Division of the Primary Oocyte produces a Secondary Oocyte that is about as large as the Primary Oocyte.

Hint 49

Pg. 324

Front 50

What is the smaller cell produced by the first meiotic division from a Primary Oocyte which eventually disintegrates called?

Back 50

A Polar Body

Hint 50

Pg. 324

Front 51

What is the Secondary Oocyte contained within?

Back 51

The Mature Graafian Follicle.

Hint 51

Pg. 324

Front 52

True or False. The egg cell contained within the Mature Graafian Follicle is the one that will be released at ovulation.

Back 52

True

Hint 52

Pg. 324

Front 53

True or False. A Secondary Oocyte that is released from the ovary at ovulation and enters the fallopian tube is undergoing meiosis.

Back 53

False. A Secondary Oocyte that has halted its meiosis is what is released from the ovary at ovulation and is what enters the fallopian tube.

Hint 53

Pg. 324

Front 54

What happens if a Secondary Oocyte isn’t fertilized in the fallopian tube after ovulation?

Back 54

It disintegrates about 24 hours after ovulation

Hint 54

Pg. 324

Front 55

What causes the Secondary Oocyte to complete meiosis?

Back 55

Fertilization

Hint 55

Pg. 324

Front 56

True or False. The second meiotic division that takes places is similar to the first meiotic division.

Back 56

True. Like the first meiotic division, the cytoplasm is divided very unequally which produces one large cell and polar body.

Hint 56

Pg. 324

Front 57

How many chromosomes does each cell produced during the second meiotic division have?

Back 57

23
They are haploid cells

Hint 57

Pg. 324

Front 58

What is the name of the structure produced when the haploid cells of the large Oocyte cell join with those contained from the Spermatozoa?

Back 58

A Zygote

Hint 58

Pg. 324

Front 59

What stimulates the Graafian Follicle to become a different structure once it has ruptured at Ovulation?
What is the name of this different structure?

Back 59

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Corpus Luteum

Hint 59

Pg. 324

Front 60

What hormone(s) does the structure that develops from the LH stimulated change of Graafian Follicles secrete?

Back 60

Estrogen
and
Progesterone

Corpus Luteum secretes both Estrogen and Progesterone

Hint 60

Pg. 325

Front 61

Progesterone is _______ prior to ovulation and is ______in a woman’s body only after the corpus luteum has formed.

Back 61

Absent
Present

Hint 61

Pg. 325

Front 62

What change(s) produce the changes characteristic of the menstrual cycle?

Back 62

The cyclic changes in the ovarian follicles
Accompanied by
The cyclic changes in ovarian hormone secretion

Hint 62

Pg. 325

Front 63

____________ repeat at about one-month intervals.

Back 63

Menstrual cycles

Hint 63

Pg. 325

Front 64

Where does bleeding of the menstrual cycle occur?
What is the specific name of this portion that is shed with accompanying bleeding?

Back 64

The Outer Two-Thirds of the Endometrium
The Stratum Functionale

Hint 64

Pg. 325

Front 65

How is the Stratum Functionale built up?

Back 65

It is built up by mitotic cell division (which is duplicate division) during the cycle and is shed at the beginning of each nonfertile cycle.

Hint 65

Pg. 325

Front 66

What is the name of the endometrium that remains after the Stratum Functionale has been shed?

Back 66

The Stratum Basale

Hint 66

Pg. 325

Front 67

Why does bleeding of the menstrual cycle occur?

Back 67

It is the result from the breaking of unique spiral arteries that invade the built-up endometrium during the cycle.

Hint 67

Pg. 325

Front 68

Because it is a cycle, the ______________ does not really have a beginning or end.

Back 68

Nonfertile Menstrual Cycle

**However, for the sake of description, it is said to begin with the first day of menstruation (day 1)**

Hint 68

Pg. 325

Front 69

How long does the average menstrual cycle last?

Back 69

Approximately 28 days

Hint 69

Pg. 325

Front 70

What is the name of the phase in the Ovarian Cycle that lasts from day 1 to about day 14?

Back 70

Follicular Phase

Hint 70

Pg. 325

Front 71

What day is the day of ovulation in the average 28-day cycle?

Back 71

Day 14

Hint 71

Pg. 325

Front 72

What is occurring during the Follicular Phase?

Back 72

FSH stimulates:
The growth of follicles and the eventual formation of a mature (graafian) follicle results.
and
The Granulosa Cells of the ovarian follicles to secrete and increasing amount of estrogen

Hint 72

Pg. 325

Front 73

What does the dramatic increase in estrogen that occurs just prior to ovulation cause?

What is this result substance produced called?

Back 73

It causes mucus produced by glands in the cervix to become very stretchy (like rubber cement)

Spinnbarkheit

Hint 73

Pg. 325

Front 74

What does the presence of abundant Spinnabarkheit usually indicate?

Back 74

It indicates:
A High Estrogen Level
and
Shows that a woman’s fertility is at its peak

Hint 74

Pg. 325

Front 75

Why is Spinnabarkheit important for sperm?

Back 75

Because it has guiding channels which help direct the sperm towards the cervical opening.

Hint 75

Pg. 325

Front 76

What phase in the Ovarian Cycle is responsible when females have variation in the length of their overall menstrual cycle?

Back 76

The Follicular Phase
(Changes in the length of the follicular phase can cause variations in the length of their overall menstrual cycle.)

Hint 76

Pg. 325

Front 77

What kind of effect does the rise of estrogen secretion toward the end of the follicular phase have on the anterior pituitary?

What is then secreted because of this effect?

Back 77

It has a Positive Feedback Effect

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Hint 77

Pg. 325

Front 78

In the average cycle, on what day does the “LH Surge” typically occur?

What does this “LH Surge” cause?

Back 78

Day 13

It causes the Graafian Follicle to rupture on day 14, expelling the Secondary Oocyte in ovulation into the abdominal cavity.

Hint 78

Pg. 326

Front 79

What is the name of the phase in the Ovarian Cycle in which the “LH Surge” causes the Graafian Follicle to rupture?

Back 79

Ovulation

Hint 79

Pg. 325-324

Front 80

What is the name of the sensation many women experience in the lower abdominal region when a follicle ruptures?

Back 80

Mittelschmerz
or
Middle Pain

Hint 80

Pg. 326

Front 81

What does LH stimulates the empty Graafian Follicle to become following Ovulation?

Back 81

A Corpus Luteum

Hint 81

Pg. 326

Front 82

What is the name of the Ovarian Cycle phase where LH stimulates the empty Graafian Follicle to become a Corpus Luteum?

Back 82

The Luteal Phase

Hint 82

Pg. 326

Front 83

What hormone causes less cervical mucus to be produced by the glands in the cervix?

What secretes this hormone?

Back 83

Progesterone

The Corpus Luteum

Hint 83

Pg. 326

Front 84

How do the characteristics of the cervical mucus change when Progesterone is secreted?

Back 84

It becomes cloudy and thick, rather than being clear and stretchy.

Which may form a protective cervical barrier against entry of sperm or bacteria.

Hint 84

Pg. 326

Front 85

What happens to the Corpus Leutem near the end of the Nonfertile cycle?

What happens to the levels of Estrogen and Progesterone?

Back 85

The Corpus Leutem regresses or dies

The levels of estrogen and progesterone rapidly decline

Hint 85

Pg. 326

Front 86

How long does an average Luteal Phase last?

Back 86

14 days

Hint 86

Pg. 326

Front 87

Why is it is important for the LH surge to be timed correctly?

Back 87

Because the LH surge triggers ovulation.

The correct time is when the follicle and the oocyte are fully mature and ready to ovulate.

Hint 87

Pg. 326

Front 88

How is the signal sent during the positive feedback effect of estrogen on LH secretion?

Back 88

It is sent from the ovary to the anterior pituitary

This ensures the LH surge and ovulation are timed correctly.

Hint 88

Pg. 326

Front 89

What hormone(s) have a Negative Feedback Effect on FSH and LH?

Back 89

Estrogen
and
Progesterone

(Separately and together these hormones have a Negative Feedback Effect on FSH and LH)

Hint 89

Pg. 326

Front 90

How does Estrogen and Progesterone accomplish their Negative Feedback effect on FSH and LH?

Back 90

They inhibit GnRH secretion from the Hypothalamus
and
Gonadotropin secretion from the Anterior Pituitary

Hint 90

Pg. 326

Front 91

What very useful functions do the low levels of FSH and LH during the Luteal Phase serve?

Back 91

They prevent new follicles from growing and maturing after on ovulation has occurred.
and
Is a natural birth control mechanism, preventing successive ovulations from occurring in one cycle

Hint 91

Pg. 326

Front 92

What causes cyclic changes in the Endometrium?

Back 92

Cyclic changes in Ovarian Steroid Hormone secretion

Hint 92

Pg. 326

Front 93

What is the name of the Endometrial phase that begins on day 1 and last through day 4 of the average cycle?

Back 93

The Menstrual Phase

Hint 93

Pg. 326

Front 94

Menstruation is caused by the drop in blood levels of what substance(s)?

What symptoms can changes in these substances cause?

Back 94

Estrogen and Progesterone

1. Nausea
2. Vomiting
3. Headache
4. Water retention (bloating)

Hint 94

Pg. 327

Front 95

Why does water retention (bloating) occur in hormonal changes?

Back 95

Because Estrogen promotes an influx of sodium into tissues, which is then followed by water.

Hint 95

Pg. 327

Front 96

What Endometrial phase lasts from day 4 through day 14?

Back 96

Proliferative Phase

Hint 96

Pg. 327

Front 97

What Phase in the Ovarian Cycle does the Proliferative Phase correspond to?

Back 97

It corresponds to the follicular phase of the ovary, when the Granulosa Cells of the growing follicles secrete increasing amounts of Estrogen.

Hint 97

Pg. 327

Front 98

What hormone causes cell division or proliferation in the endometrium?

Back 98

Estrogen

Hint 98

Pg. 327

Front 99

What Endometrial phase do spiral arteries invade the endometrium?

Back 99

The Proliferative Phase

Hint 99

Pg. 327

Front 100

What Endometrial phase occurs when the ovaries are in the Luteal Phase?

Back 100

Secretory Phase

Hint 100

Pg. 327

Front 101

In what Endometrial phase is the endometrium caused to become thick, highly vascular, spongy in appearance and rich in Glycogen?

Back 101

The Secretory Phase

Hint 101

Pg. 327

Front 102

What phase(s) does the Corpus Leutem die?

Back 102

Near the end of the Luteal Phase in the Ovarian Cycle.
and
In the Secretory Phase

Hint 102

Pg. 327

Front 103

Death of what structure results in a fall in blood levels of estrogen and progesterone, producing menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle?

Back 103

The Corpus Leutem

Hint 103

Pg. 327

Front 104

What is the name of the period in a women’s life during which the ovarian cycle ceases?

When is this period likely to occur in a women’s life?

Back 104

Menopause

Between the ages of 45 and 55

Hint 104

Pg. 327

Front 105

What specifically is occurring during Menopause?

Back 105

The ovaries are no longer responsive to the gonadotrophic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary.
and
The ovaries no longer secrete estrogen or progesterone.

Hint 105

Pg. 327

Front 106

True or False. At the onset of menopause it is still possible for a woman to conceive?

Back 106

True. At the onset of menopause, menstruation becomes irregular.
However, as long as it occurs, it is still possible for a woman to conceive.

Hint 106

Pg. 327

Front 107

When is a women considered to have completed Menopause?

Back 107

When Menstruation is absent for 1 year.

Hint 107

Pg. 327