Biol2420 - Endocrine System #2: Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, Pancreas, Pineal Gland, And A Few Others

Front 1

What are the hollow structures called that the thyroid gland contains that allows for the trapping of iodine?

Back 1

Thyroid follicles

Hint 1

Pg. 152

Front 2

What are the hormones utilized for that are produced from the substance that the thyroid follicles trap?

Back 2

To stimulate cell respiration by helping to set the basal metabolic rate (BMR)
They are also needed for growth and maturation of the CNS

Hint 2

Pg. 152

Front 3

What gland helps regulate the calcium balance of the body?

Back 3

The Parathyroid Gland

Hint 3

Pg. 152

Front 4

What is the protein rich fluid called that is contained in the hollow iodine trapping structures of the thyroid gland?

Back 4

Colloid

Hint 4

Pg. 152

Front 5

How is the iodine trapped by the thyroid follicles transported out of the blood?

Back 5

It is transported out of the blood and combined in the colloid with a protein called Thyroglobin

Hint 5

Pg. 152

Front 6

What do the cells surrounding the thyroid follicles use the Thyroglobin for?

Back 6

They use it to make:
Thyroxine (T4)
and
Triiodothyronine

Hint 6

Pg. 152

Front 7

What must Thyroxine be bounded to in order to travel in the blood and what is the name of structure?

Back 7

It must be bound to a carrier protein
The carrier protein is Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG)

Hint 7

Pg. 152

Front 8

What happens once the thyoxine arrives at the target cell and dissociates from TBG?

Back 8

The target cell converts Thyroxine into Triiodothyronine

Hint 8

Pg. 152

Front 9

What thyroid hormone is the actual hormone that binds to the nuclear receptor of a cell?

Back 9

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Hint 9

Pg. 152

Front 10

What stimulates the hollow iodine trapping structures of the thyroid to release their hormones?

Back 10

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) secreted from the anterior pituitary
Pg. 153

Hint 10

Pg. 153

Front 11

What is abnormal growth of the gland that produces T4 and T3 called?

Back 11

A Goiter

Hint 11

Pg. 153

Front 12

What is the condition called when the thyroid lacks sufficient iodine to make T4 and T3 and as a result blood levels decline of these hormones?

Back 12

Hypothyroidism

Hint 12

Pg. 153

Front 13

If the Thyroid hormone levels fall what happens to Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone?

Back 13

It rises

Hint 13

Pg. 153

Front 14

True or False. Everyone that has a goiter is because of a dietary lack of iodine.

Back 14

False. Not everyone with a goiter lacks dietary iodine

Hint 14

Pg. 153

Front 15

What condition is caused by stimulation of the thyroid by autoantibodies and what can this condition cause?

Back 15

Grave’s Disease
It can cause a goiter to be formed and also excessive amounts of thyroxine to be secreted from the thyroid.

Hint 15

Pg. 153

Front 16

What does Grave’s disease produce in reference to the blood levels of thyroxine?

Back 16

It produces Hyperthyroidism

Hint 16

Pg. 153

Front 17

What are some of the physical symptoms someone with Grave’s disease has?

Back 17

Bulging eyes, because of excessive accumulation of fluid (edema) behind the eyes.

Hint 17

Pg. 153

Front 18

What severe mental condition can be caused by having inadequate thyroxine?

Back 18

Cretinism, which is a condition of severe mental retardation.

Hint 18

Pg. 153

Front 19

Besides being required for the proper growth and development of the CNS, what else is thyroxine important for?

Back 19

It stimulates the rate of cell respiration in the body. By doing so, it helps set the rate at which the body consumes energy (calories and oxygen) at rest called the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).

Hint 19

Pg. 154

Front 20

What percentage of energy approximately does a person’s BMR account for?

Back 20

Approximately 60%

Hint 20

Pg. 154

Front 21

What accounts for the remaining caloric expenditure of a person once the amount the BMR is responsible for has been subtracted?

Back 21

Adaptive Thermogenesis

Hint 21

Pg. 154

Front 22

What does Adaptive Thrermogenesis refer to and approximately what percentage of caloric expenditure does it account for?

Back 22

It refers to the energy spent adjusting to different ambient temperatures and the energy required to digest and absorb food, and in physical activity.
Approximately 40%

Hint 22

Pg. 154

Front 23

What factors largely determine an individual’s BMR?

Back 23

Body Size
Sex
Age

Hint 23

Pg. 154

Front 24

What symptoms will someone with Hypothyroidism exhibit?

Back 24

Lethargy
Intolerance to cold
Absent Perspiration
A slow Pulse
Coarse dry skin
Increased body weight

Hint 24

Pg. 154

Front 25

What symptoms will someone with Hyperthyroidism exhibit?

Back 25

Impaired sleep
Intolerance to heat
Excessive Perspiration
A rapid pulse
Loss of body weight

Hint 25

Pg. 154

Front 26

What structure is embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland?

Back 26

The Parathyroid gland (which are 4 small flattened glands)

Hint 26

Pg. 154

Front 27

What does the amount of Calcium and Phosphate ions in the blood reflect?

Back 27

1. The absorption of these ions from food in the intestine
2. The amount of these ions deposited into the bone
3. The amount of these ions removed from the bone

Hint 27

Pg. 154

Front 28

What is the form in which the skeleton stores calcium and phosphate?

Back 28

It stores it in the form of calcium and phosphate crystals called Hydroxyapatite

Hint 28

Pg. 154

Front 29

What cell is responsible for depositing calcium and phosphate in the bone?

Back 29

Osteoblasts

Hint 29

Pg. 154

Front 30

What cell is responsible for lowering the blood concentrations of Calcium and Phosphate ions?

Back 30

Osteoblasts

Hint 30

Pg. 154

Front 31

What cell is responsible for the release of Calcium and Phosphate ions into the blood?

Back 31

Osteoclasts

Hint 31

Pg. 154

Front 32

What cell is responsible for raising the blood concentrations of Calcium and Phosphate ions?

Back 32

Osteoclasts

Hint 32

Pg. 154

Front 33

What action does the hormone released from the structure located in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland stimulate?

Back 33

It stimulates Osteoclast activity
and
It also stimulates the kidneys to retain more Calcium (so less is excreted in the urine)

Hint 33

Pg. 154-155

Front 34

What condition results when there is an insufficient production in the hormone produced by the parathyroid gland?

Back 34

Hypocalcemic Tetany

Hint 34

Pg. 155

Front 35

What are some symptoms someone with Hypocalcemic Tetany would exhibit?

Back 35

Body shakes from continuous muscle contractions.

Hint 35

Pg. 155

Front 36

What hormone is also important in the regulation of blood Calcium levels besides PTH?

Back 36

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

Hint 36

Pg. 155

Front 37

What is 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 made from?

Back 37

It is made from Vitamin D produced in the skin in response to sunlight.

Hint 37

Pg. 155

Front 38

True or False. Vitamin D is a hormone.

Back 38

False. Vitamin D is a prehormone and must be converted into the active hormone (1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3) by enzymes in the liver and kidneys.

Hint 38

Pg. 155

Front 39

What does the hormone derived from a vitamin that is produced in the skin in response to sunlight stimulate?

Back 39

It stimulates the small intestine to absorb Calcium and Phosphate into the blood.

Hint 39

Pg. 155

Front 40

True or False. The Vitamin D we get from the amount produced by the skin is sufficient.

Back 40

False. The skin does not make a sufficient amount of vitamin D for our bodies, therefore we must also get it from our diet.

Hint 40

Pg. 155

Front 41

What condition can children who don’t get sufficient amounts of the vitamin required for deriving the hormone that stimulates the small intestine to absorb Calcium and Phosphate into the blood?

Back 41

Rickets

Hint 41

Pg. 155

Front 42

What do the pancreatic islets contain and what do they secrete?

Back 42

They contain Alpha cells and Beta cells

Alpha cells secrete Glucagon
Beta cells secrete Insulin

Hint 42

Pg. 155

Front 43

What function does the hormone secreted by the alpha cells of islets of Langerhans serve?

Back 43

It raises the blood glucose levels.

Hint 43

Pg. 155

Front 44

What function does the hormone secreted by the beta cells of islets of Langerhans serve?

Back 44

It promotes the lowering of blood glucose levels.
or
Promoting the entry of blood glucose into tissue cells, Particularly Skeletal Muscles, Liver and Adipose Tissue.

Hint 44

Pg. 155

Front 45

What hormone promotes the synthesis of glycogen and fat?

Back 45

Insulin

Hint 45

Pg. 155

Front 46

What condition is caused by inadequate secretion and or action of the hormone secreted from the beta cells of the pancreatic islets?

Back 46

Diabetes Mellitus

Hint 46

Pg. 155

Front 47

The _________ are islands of ________units within a sea of _______gland tissues (acini) in the pancreas.

Back 47

Pancreatic Islets or Islets of Langerhans
Endocrine
Exocrine

Hint 47

Pg. 155

Front 48

What are the names of the 2 most important hormones that regulate metabolism?

Back 48

Insulin
and
Glucagon

Hint 48

Pg. 156

Front 49

What term refers to all of the chemical changes within the cells of the body?

Back 49

Metabolism

Hint 49

Pg. 156

Front 50

What 2 categories is metabolism divided into?

Back 50

Anabolism
and
Catabolism

Hint 50

Pg. 156

Front 51

What term refers to the type of metabolism that utilizes dehydration synthesis reactions?

Back 51

Anabolism
Anabolism = The conversion of smaller molecules into larger molecules by dehydration synthesis reactions.

Hint 51

Pg. 156

Front 52

True or False. Protein is stored.

Back 52

False. Protein is not stored like Glycogen and Triglycerides are.

Hint 52

Pg. 156

Front 53

What term refers to the type of metabolism that utilizes hydrolysis reactions?

Back 53

Catabolism
Catabolism = The hydrolysis (breakdown) of molecules into their subunits and the use of these subunits in cell respiration.

Hint 53

Pg. 156

Front 54

What type of metabolic hormone is Glucagon?

Back 54

It is a Catabolic Hormone

Hint 54

Pg. 156

Front 55

What is the chief anabolic hormone of the body?

Back 55

Insulin

Hint 55

Pg. 156

Front 56

What does insulin promote the conversion of glucose into?

Back 56

It promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.
It promotes the conversion of glucose into triglycerides in the adipose tissue.

Hint 56

Pg. 156

Front 57

What do the conditions of lower insulin and higher glucagon levels stimulate?

Back 57

Glycogenolysis in the liver
Gluconeogenesis in the liver
Lipolysis in adipose tissue
Ketogenesis

Hint 57

Pg. 156-157

Front 58

What does Gluconeogenesis refer to?

Back 58

It is the conversion of noncarbohydrate molecules, such as amino acids into glucose.

Hint 58

Pg. 157

Front 59

What process refers to the formation of substances from fatty acids, by way of acetyl-Coenzyme A?

Back 59

Ketogenesis

Hint 59

Pg. 157

Front 60

What is Diabetes Mellitus characterized by?

Back 60

It is characterized by Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose concentration)
and
Often by Glycosuria (the presence of glucose in the urine)

Hint 60

Pg. 157

Front 61

At what point does glycosuria result?

Back 61

When blood glucose reaches a level of 180 mg of glucose/100 ml of blood or greater.

Hint 61

Pg. 157

Front 62

What is the best laboratory test used to diagnose Diabetes Mellitus?

Back 62

The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Hint 62

Pg. 157

Front 63

What are the 2 major forms of Diabetes Mellitus and what percent of the population accounts for each type?

Back 63

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus = 5%
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus = 95%

Hint 63

Pg. 158

Front 64

How does Type 1 Diabetes occur?

Back 64

It occurs when the beta cells are destroyed by the person’s own immune system by Cytotoxic T cells.

Hint 64

Pg. 158

Front 65

What is occurring in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes?

Back 65

There is reduced tissue responsiveness (sensitivity) to insulin.

Hint 65

Pg. 158

Front 66

How can the most prevalent type of diabetes often be treated?

Back 66

It can be treated with diet and exercise and with oral drugs that improve the sensitivity of these target organs to insulin.

Hint 66

Pg. 158

Front 67

What gland works with the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus to regulate circadian rhythms of the body?

Back 67

The Pineal Gland

Hint 67

Pg. 158

Front 68

True or False. The Pineal gland is exclusively an endocrine gland.

Back 68

True

Hint 68

Pg. 158

Front 69

Where is the gland that with the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus to regulate circadian rhythms of the body located at?

Back 69

It is located on the roof of the third ventricle (the brain cavity in the Diencephalon)

Hint 69

Pg. 158

Front 70

What is the principle hormone of the Pineal Gland?

Back 70

Melatonin

Hint 70

Pg. 158

Front 71

What is secretion of the principle hormone of the pineal gland stimulated by?

Back 71

It is stimulated by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) of Hypothalamus.

Hint 71

Pg. 158

Front 72

What is the daily rhythm of the SCN synchronized to?

Back 72

It is synchronized to the light/dark cycle of the night.

Hint 72

Pg. 158

Front 73

When does the principle hormone of the pineal gland increase and decrease?

Back 73

Melatonin secretion increases at night
Melatonin secretion decreases during the day

Hint 73

Pg. 159

Front 74

What do melatonin pills do?

Back 74

They decrease the time required to fall asleep and increase the duration of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Hint 74

Pg. 159

Front 75

True or False. The Gastrointestinal tract, Gonads and Placenta are endocrine glands.

Back 75

True

Hint 75

Pg. 159

Front 76

What hormone stimulates the secretion of the sex steroids?

Back 76

FSH and LH
or
The Gonadotropic Hormones

Hint 76

Pg. 159

Front 77

What is the name of the hormone secreted by the small intestine?

Back 77

Secretin

Hint 77

Pg. 159

Front 78

What is the name of one of the hormones secreted from the placenta that is used to test for pregnancy?

Back 78

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Hint 78

Pg. 159

Front 79

The Placenta secretes both pituitary-like hormones such as _____ and ovary-like hormones _______.

Back 79

hCG
Estrogens

Hint 79

Pg. 159