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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the smallest unit of all chemical elements?
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Atom
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Pg. 011
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What are the components that make up the smallest unit of chemical elements?
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Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
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Hint: There are 3
Pg. 011 |
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Which of the particles that make up “the smallest unit of chemical elements” make up the center of these units?
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Protons and Neutrons
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The center is called the Nucleus. What components make up the nucleus of an atom?
Pg. 011 |
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What are the charges of each of the particles that make up the atom?
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Protons = Positive
Neutrons = No charge Electrons = Negative |
Pg.011
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How are the negatively charged particles arranged outside of the center of an atom?
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In moving circuits called “Shells”
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Pg. 011
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If you were a negatively charged particle and were located on the outermost shell, what would you be called and what are you usually involved with?
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A Valence Electron
These are the ones usually involved in chemical reactions |
Pg. 011
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What are the strongest chemical bonds called?
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Covalent bonds
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Pg. 011
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How are the strongest chemical bonds formed?
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Valence electrons of atoms are shared or 2 atoms of the same element bond together.
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Pg. 011
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What can be said about the molecules that are bonded together like those of 2 oxygen atoms or 2 hydrogen atoms?
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Electrons are equally shared and are "nonpolar molecules." They are nonpolar because they are symmetrically charged.
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Pg. 011
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What does it mean when a molecule is symmetrically charged?
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They lack a plus (positive) and minus (negative) side.
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Pg. 011
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What does it mean if a molecule lacks a “pole?”
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The molecule lacks a Positive of Negative side
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Pg. 011
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What are molecules called when they are formed by covalent bonds whose electrons are not equally shared?
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Polar molecules
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If electrons are not equally shared then they will have a positive and negative side.
Pg. 011 |
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Why is water an example of a polar molecule?
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The electrons occupy more of their time on the oxygen side of the water molecule than they do on the hydrogen side.
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Pg.012
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How can a water molecule yield 2 charged atoms?
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Water is formed by one oxygen atom that and 2 hydrogen atoms that shares electrons with each other, however the electrons are unequally shared, and because of this there are times when the oxygen atom's bond to one or both of the hydrogen atoms will break. When this occurs 2 ions will result.
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The charged atoms are called “ions”
Pg. 012 |
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What 2 ions will be formed when a water molecule dissociates or breaks?
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The 2 ions formed are a hydrogen ion [H+] which is just a hydrogen atom minus it’s electron which is called a proton. And the other ion is a "hydroxide ion" [OH-], which has an extra electron now because it stole it from the hydrogen atom which results in the hydrogen ion being formed.
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Pg. 012
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What kind of bond is demonstrated by salt?
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Ionic bond
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Pg. 012
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How is an Ionic bond formed?
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An Ionic bond is formed between atoms when at least one or more valence electrons are not shared but are completely transferred from one atom to another.
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Pg. 012
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When charged atoms are formed what is the term given for the positively and negatively charged particles called?
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The positively charged ion = a Cation and the negatively charged ion is called a Anion.
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Pg. 012
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Why is it that water and oil do not mix?
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Water is a polar molecule and oil is a nonpolar molecule
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Pg. 013
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What is the term given to molecules that polar and are soluble in water?
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Hydrophilic
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Pg. 013
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What is the term given to molecules that are nonpolar and that are not soluble in water?
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Hydrophobic
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Pg. 013
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What type of bond is responsible for holding together two strands of a DNA’s double helix together?
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Hydrogen bond
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Pg. 013
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What are 2 important properties of water formed because of the attractive forces of hydrogen bonding that occurs between water molecules?
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Surface Tension and Capillary Action
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Pg. 013
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What is the pulling together of water molecules by attractive hydrogen bond forces called?
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Surface Tension
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Pg. 013
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What is the ability of water to be pulled as a column through narrow channels or up a straw against gravity, due to attractive force of hydrogen bonds between water molecules called?
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Capillary Action
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Pg. 013
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What does the pH scale measure?
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Acidity and/or Alkalinity
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Pg. 013
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Define what an acid is and what a base is.
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An acid is a molecule that releases protons (H+) into a solution.
A base is a molecule that combines with H+ thereby removing it from solution. |
Pg .013
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What is another name for an acid and a base?
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Acid = proton donor
Base = proton acceptor |
Pg. 013
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What does a carboxylic acid group consist of?
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It consists of 1 carbon, 2 oxygens, and a hydrogen. ( COOH).
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Pg. 014
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What is the carboxyl group called once it relinquishes its proton?
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Lactate
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Pg. 014
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What number is given on the pH scale for a neutral solution like water?
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7
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Pg. 014
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Where would the pH of a solution containing many proton acceptors lie on the pH scale, above or below 7?
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Above
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Pg. 014
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How are proton concentration and the number given for the pH inversely related?
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When the H+ concentration increases, the pH goes decreases and, when the H+ concentration decreases, the pH increases.
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Pg. 014
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What is the normal range for blood pH?
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7.35 to 7.45
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Pg. 014
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What are the conditions called for when the blood pH is lower than normal range and for when it is above normal range?
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Lower than normal range = acidosis
Above the normal range = alkalosis |
Pg. 014
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What are 2 major sources of energy for the body?
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Carbohydrates and Lipids
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Pg. 014
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What is the class of molecule that contains carbon generally bonded to hydrogen and oxygen called?
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Organic Molecules
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Pg. 014
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What are the subcategories of carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides
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There are 3
Pg. 015 |
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In the general formula for carbohydrates, if there are 5 Carbon molecules how many Hydrogens would there be?
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10
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Pg. 015
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What subcategory of carbohydrates can't be broken down into smaller groups of carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides
or Simple Sugars or “One Sugars” |
Pg. 015
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What are the structural isomers of simple sugars that are important for the studying of human physiology?
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Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose
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Pg. 015
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What would be the result if 2blood sugar molecules were joined together?
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Maltose
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What monosaccharide is responsible for blood sugar?
Pg. 015 |
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What would be the result if a molecule of glucose and galactose were joined together?
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Lactose
or Milk Sugar |
Pg. 015
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What would be the result if a molecule of glucose and fructose were joined together?
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Sucrose
or Table Sugar |
Pg. 015
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What is the subcategory of carbohydrates that results from many monosaccharides being covalently bonded together?
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Polysaccharides
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Pg. 015
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What are the common polysaccharides?
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Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose
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Pg. 015
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What is another name given for Glycogen?
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Animal Starch
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Pg: 015
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Does glycogen have more or less branching than plant starch?
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More
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Pg: 015
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Can humans digest cellulose? And what are other terms given for Cellulose?
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No.
It is also called Bran, Fiber or Roughage. |
Pg: 015
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What is the reaction called that breaks Polysaccharides or Disaccharides into Monosaccharides?
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Hydrolysis reactions
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Pg: 016
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What is the chemical reaction called when a monosaccharide is joined to another monosaccharide to make a disaccharide and what is the result of this reaction?
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Dehydration synthesis and water is formed
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Pg. 016
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Breakdown reactions occur by _______________and Building reactions occur by _________________.
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Breakdown reactions = Hydrolysis
and Building reactions = Dehydration Synthesis |
Pg. 016
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True or False, Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis only occur for carbohydrate molecules.
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False, these reactions can occur for lipids, proteins and other molecules.
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Pg. 016
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What are the principle subcategories of lipids?
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Triglycerides, Phospholipids and Steroids.
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Pg: 016-017
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What are Triglycerides made of?
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3 molecules of fatty acids bonded to 1 molecule of glycerol or 3 molecules of fatty acids bonded to a molecule that is made up of 3 carbons in length with each carbon containing a hydroxyl group.
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Pg. 017
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What kind of reaction discussed in this section is responsible for making a triglyceride molecule?
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Dehydration synthesis reaction
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Pg. 017
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How is fat produced by when we eat more calories than we burn?
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By a dehydration synthesis reaction in adipose tissue or fat tissue.
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Pg. 017
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What type of composition does fat have at room temperature if it is solid?
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It has saturated fatty acids
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Pg. 017
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What is the difference between fats and oils?
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The structure of the fatty acids
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Pg. 017
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What does it mean if a fat is saturated?
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It means each carbon is singularly bonded to each carbon atom, thus allowing each carbon to be bonded 2 hydrogen atoms.
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Pg. 017
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What does it mean if a fat is unsaturated?
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It means that one or more of the carbons in the molecule has a double on it meaning a double bonded carbon to another carbon only has room for 1 hydrogen.
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Pg. 017
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How many bonds can carbon make and how many bonds can hydrogen make?
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Carbon = 4 bonds
and Hydrogen = 1 bond |
Pg. 017
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Are phospholipids completely nonpolar?
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No, they are mostly nonpolar but they also have a part that is polar as well.
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Pg. 017
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What is the most common type of phospholipid?
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It is a 3carbon long glycerol bonded to 2 fatty acids however the third carbon is bonded to a phosphate group, which is highly polar portion of the molecule.
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Pg. 017
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What is a Lecithin?
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It is what results when the phosphate group of a phospholipid is bonded to a nitrogen-containing organic molecule called choline, This molecule is also called phosphocholine as well as a lecithin.
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Pg. 017
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What organ directly benefits from the phospholipid’s ability to lower surface tension?
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The Lungs
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Pg. 018
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What substance makes up the majority of the plasma membrane of a cell?
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Phospholipids
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Pg. 018
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How are phospholipids enabled to form the plasma membranes of cells?
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Phospholipids are part polar and part nonpolar.
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Pg. 018
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What are steroids a derivative of?
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Cholesterol
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Pg. 018
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What are the specific steroid hormones produced by the gonads?
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The Ovaries = Estradiol
and Testes = Testosterone |
Pg. 018
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What derivative of cholesterol is produced by the outer region of the adrenal glands?
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Corticosteroids, the best known of which is Cortisol or Hydrocortisone.
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Pg. 018
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Are Proteins and Nucleic Acids such as (DNA and RNA) considered micromolecules or macromolecules?
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Macromolecules
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Pg. 018
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How are Proteins and Nucleic Acids formed?
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Proteins are formed by Amino Acid subunits
and Nucleic Acids are formed by Nucleotides. |
Pg. 018
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How many amino acids are there?
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20 Amino Acids
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Pg. 018
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What type of substance are tendons primarily composed of?
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Collagen
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Pg. 018
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What are some of the different functions that proteins have?
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Structure, Enzymes…etc
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Pg. 018
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What does a protein have because of its enormous diversity of structure?
Specificity of Function |
Specificity of Function
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Pg. 019
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What is an Amino Group made of?
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1 Nitrogen atom and 2 Hydrogen atoms
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Pg. 019
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What kind of reaction is responsible for joining amino acids to each other?
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A Dehydration Synthesis Reaction
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Pg. 019
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What are the bonds between amino acids called once they are formed?
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Peptide bonds
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Pg. 019
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What is the chain of amino acids formed by dehydration synthesis reaction called?
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Polypeptide
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Pg. 019
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What is the structure called once the polypeptide reaches a length of at least 100 amino acids?
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A Protein
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Pg. 019
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What is a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain called?
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The Primary Structure
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Pg. 019
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What is the structure of a protein called once it twists into a helix due to the interactions of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain?
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A Secondary Structure
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Pg. 019
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What is the structure of a protein called once it develops a three-dimensional shape?
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Tertiary Structure
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Pg.019
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What is the term given for a structure of a protein that is formed by more than one polypeptide chain joined together?
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Quaternary Structure
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Pg. 019
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What are the structural classifications of proteins?
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1) Primary Structure
2) Secondary Structure 3) Tertiary Structure 4) Quaternary Structure |
Pg. 019
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How many polypeptide chains make up the oxygen carrying protein found in red blood cells?
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4 polypeptide chains
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Hemoglobin is the protein that carries oxygen.
Pg. 019 |
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What is often the key to a protein specific function?
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It’s specific shape.
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Pg. 019
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What are some examples given of how a protein’s specific shape directly correlates with its specific function?
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1) Hormone or a Neurotransmitter joins with the receptor protein that fits it’s particular three-dimensional shape.
2) A molecule transported across the plasma membrane fits into a specific transport protein. 3) When catalyzed reactions occur the molecules must fit into the specific slot of the enzyme to occur. |
Pg. 019
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How do genes regulate the cell?
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The amino acid sequence which is the primary structure of a protein is determined by the genetic code. The higher-order structure of the protein is a direct result of its amino acid sequence. Because of this genes can regulate the various activities of these types of proteins.
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Pg. 019
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What is the name of the protein that increases the rate of chemical reactions and why else are these proteins important?
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Catalysts.
They are not changed by the reaction and they do not change the nature of the reaction. |
Pg. 020
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How do catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions?
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They lower the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.
or They lower the energy a molecule needs to be able to engage in a reaction. |
Pg. 020
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What kind of structure does an enzyme have?
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Tertiary structure
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Pg. 020
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What is the model that helps to depicts how enzymes function?
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The Lock and Key model
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Pg. 020
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What are molecules called that react with enzymes?
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Substrates
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Pg. 020
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What are the highly specific sites of the enzymes called that the substrates fits into?
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The Active Site
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Pg. 020
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What is the process by which collisions occur between a specific enzyme and a specific substrate?
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Brownian Motion. Which is the random molecular movement and motion.
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Pg. 020
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What is formed when the substrate joins with the active site of the enzyme? And what are the substrates called after the chemical reaction occurs?
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The Enzyme Substrate Complex. The substrates are then called products of the reaction.
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Pg. 020
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True or False, An enzyme can catalyze more than just one specific substrate into a product.
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False
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Pg. 020
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Can reactions occur in the body if enzymes are not present or active?
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Yes but they will so slow they are negligible.
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Pg. 020
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What does the activity of an enzyme depend on and what does this also depend on?
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Activity depends on the specific shape of the Active Site. The Active Site depends on the Tertiary Structure.
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Pg. 020
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What is the process that permanently changes a protein’s tertiary shape called?
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Denaturation
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Pg. 020
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What things can cause a permanent change in a protein’s tertiary shape?
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Increase in temperature
and Strong Acids and Strong Bases |
Pg. 020-021
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Since increased temperature can cause proteins to denature, does this also mean that a decrease in temperature can cause denaturation?
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No. Reduced temperature will not cause denaturation of proteins to occur.
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Pg. 020
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What specifically holds a protein in its specific tertiary structure?
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Hydrogen Bonding
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Pg. 021
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What term describes different enzymes being capable of working best at a particular pH?
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pH Optimum
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pg. 021
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What 2 enzymes digest polypeptide chains with a length of at least 100 amino acids and where are they found?
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Pepsin = a protein digesting enzyme found in the gastric juice.
and Trypsin = a protein digesting enzyme in pancreatic juice. |
Pg. 021
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What is the enzymatic function of Hydrolases, Phosphatases and Synthetases?
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Hydrolases = catalyzes hydrolysis reactions
Phosphatases = remove phosphate groups Synthetases = catalyzes dehydration synthesis reactions |
Pg. 021
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What enzyme breaks down a plant polysaccharide in humans?
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Salivary Amylase
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Pg. 021
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What are the subunits that compose RNA and DNA molecules?
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Nucleotides
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Pg. 021
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What does a Nucleotide consist of?
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1) A phosphate
2) A 5-Carbon sugar molecule 3) A Nitrogenous base |
Pg. 021
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How many Nitrogenous bases are there in DNA?
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4
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Pg. 021
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________________ can link nucleotides together. What does this then produce?
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Phosphate groups can link nucleotides together.
Produces a Sugar Phosphate Backbone. |
Pg. 021
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How is the double helix formed in DNA?
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One sugar-phosphate joins to another.
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Pg. 021
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How are 2 strands of a double Helix connected and how is the specific Tertiary structure held together?
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Hydrogen Bonding
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Pg. 020-021
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What states that bases can only bond to other certain bases?
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The Law of Complementary Base Pairing
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Pg. 021
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What specifically is responsible forming the genetic code?
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The sequence of the bases along one DNA strand.
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Pg. 022
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RNA consists of________________ that are joined together by what kind of bonds and by what kind of reaction?
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Long chains of Nucleotides, Sugar-Phosphate bonds and Dehydration synthesis
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Pg. 022
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How does RNA differ from DNA?
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RNA has the sugar Ribose
RNA has one nitrogenous base that is different. RNA is Single-stranded. |
Pg. 022
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