Biol1050 Module 3

Front 1

Wavelength of most visible light reaching Earth?

Back 1

400-600nm

Front 2

How much UVA reaches earth?

Back 2

100% (Unchanged)

Front 3

How much UVB reaches earth?

Back 3

50%

Front 4

How much UVC reaches earth?
Among UVA, UVB, UVC, where does it rank in terms of energy?

Back 4

0% (Highest)

Front 5

Long wavelength = (more or less energy?)

Back 5

Less

Front 6

Plant Leaf Structure (Descending Order)

Back 6

Upper Epidermis
Palisade Mesophyll
Xylem/Phloem (Veins)
Spongy Mesophyll

Front 7

Where does gas exchange take place?
(Structure and location)

Back 7

Stromata on Ventral Epidermis

Front 8

Where do light reactions occur?

Back 8

Chloroplast

Front 9

Name of fluid inside Chloroplast

Back 9

Stroma

Front 10

Organelle suspended in fluid?

Back 10

Thylakoid

Front 11

A stack of thylakoids is called a ..

Back 11

Granum (Plural, Grana)

Front 12

Resonance Energy is similar to

Back 12

Vibration Energy

Front 13

Difference between Chlorophyll A & B

Back 13

Oxidation or Reduction of Carbon

Front 14

Inner Part of Thylakoid is called

Back 14

Lumen

Front 15

Which Photosystem reacts first?

Back 15

Photosystem 2

Front 16

Why does Photosystem 2 react before PS1?

Back 16

Discovered first

Front 17

How many photons go into each Photosystem?

Back 17

4 each. 8 total.

Front 18

In the light harvesting complex in PS2, how are the central proteins arranged?

Back 18

Trimers

Front 19

Inside each reaction center complex, how many reaction centers are there?

Back 19

Two.

Front 20

Where does water splitting occur?

Back 20

Lumen

Front 21

Arrangement of Mg molecules involved in water splitting?

Back 21

Tetral

Front 22

How many electrons are removed to fuel the water splitting reaction?

Back 22

Four

Front 23

H20 releases:

Oxygen Molecules,
Protons
Electrons
Water Molecules

Into the Lumen during water splitting?

Back 23

Proton (PROTON GRADIENT!)

Front 24

Arrange in order of succession,

Plastoquinone
Plastoquinol
Proton Gradient
Cytochrome Complex

Back 24

Plastoquinone - Plastoquinol - Cytochrome Complex- Proton Gradient.

(KNOW CORRECT ORDER FOR DIAGRAM)

Front 25

Where does Plastoquinone pick up its' electrons?

Back 25

P680

Front 26

Arrangement of central proteins in PS1?

Back 26

Dimers

Front 27

Number of reaction centers in PS1?

Back 27

One

Front 28

Where do excited electrons go after reaction center?

Back 28

Ferredoxin

Front 29

PS2 - Cytochrome Complex - Then to...

Back 29

ATP Synthase (Proton gradient)

Front 30

PS1 recharges with input of

Back 30

4 electrons

Front 31

Complete the reaction 8 Photons +2H20=

Back 31

2NADPH+4ATP+202

Front 32

Chlorophyll A absorbs

Back 32

blue-violet light

Front 33

Chlorophyll B absorbs

Back 33

reg-orange light

Front 34

Green light is (effective/ineffective)

Back 34

ineffective

Front 35

Rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to absorption spectrum of chlorophyll A + B. (True/False)

Back 35

FALSE (MORE COMPONENTS)

Front 36

Carotenoids (two examples)

Back 36

Carotene, Lycopene

Front 37

Carotenoids have how many carbons?

Back 37

40

Front 38

Absorption spectrum of Carotenoids?

Back 38

400-500 range. (Expands spectrum of Chlorophyll A&B)

Front 39

One alternative function of Carotenoids is

Back 39

Photoprotection

Front 40

How do carotenoids provide photoprotection?

Back 40

expel excess light energ

Front 41

The shade of green in a plant depends on the..

Back 41

Number of carotenoids!

Front 42

Anthocyonins are..

Back 42

subgroup of flavinoids

Front 43

Anthocyonins contain a ______________ and absorb __________________nm.

Back 43

Ketone, 500-600nm

Front 44

Leaves lose green in fall because..

Back 44

Chlorophyll degrades/not absorbing as many photons

Front 45

Leaves reflect red/orange in fall because..

Back 45

Carotenoids and Anthocyonins do not degrade easily and still reflect light! (Red-Orange!)

Front 46

The colour of flowers is provided by

Back 46

Anthocyonins

Front 47

Cyclic electron flow provides..

Back 47

ATP

Front 48

Cyclic electron flow does NOT produce

Back 48

NADPH

Front 49

Cyclic electron flow goes through _________ proton gradient, ATP synthase.

Back 49

Cytochrome complex

Front 50

Chlorophyll loses some energy by producing

Back 50

Heat

Front 51

If a very high energy electron is absorbed, it is _____________ throughout the light harvesting complex until it reaches the reaction center.

Back 51

transferred, passed

Front 52

If energy cannot be transferred with high energy electron ________ is released as long as a _____________ of ______________ wavelength.

Back 52

heat, photon, longer.

Front 53

Longer wavelength means (greater/less) energy

Back 53

Less

Front 54

More energy results in a (longer/shorter) wavelength?

Back 54

Shorter

Front 55

The process of releasing a photon of longer wavelength is called

Back 55

Fluorescence

Front 56

Fluorescence is a
a) good way to tell if your plant is growing
b) poor indicator of the health of your plant
c) good indicator of the age of the plant
d) method of determining how well a plant is growing

Back 56

Method of determining HOW WELL a plant is growing. (D)

Front 57

T/F : Chlorophyll cannot absorb fluorescent light

Back 57

FALSE. Fluorescence can be used by adjacent cells.

Front 58

The Calvin Cycle should be called the:

Back 58

Basham, Benson, Calvin Cycle

Front 59

Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to...

Back 59

Sugar

Front 60

This process is catabolic/anabolic

Back 60

Anabolic

Front 61

The "sugar" produced is actually

Back 61

G3P. Glycerol-3 Phosphate

Front 62

For G3P synthesis, the cycle repeats (3,6,18,21) times

Back 62

3 repeats

Front 63

The process of fixing 3 molecules of CO2 in G3P synthesis is called

Back 63

Carbon Fixation

Front 64

Carbon Fixation incorporates CO2 by adding it to a _____ carbon sugar

Back 64

5

Front 65

The 5 carbon sugar involved in carbon fixation is called

Back 65

rubilose biphosphate

Front 66

The enzyme that catalyzes carbon fixation is called

Back 66

Rubisco

Front 67

Rubisco is/was:
(a) least abundant compound on earth
(b) most abundant chloroplast on earth
(c) synthesized by mycotoxins on the plant
(d) discovered by Melvin Calvin

Back 67

B) Most abundant chloroplast on earth

Front 68

Stage 2 of Carbon fixation involves (oxidation/reduction)

Back 68

Reduction

Front 69

Reduction in stage 2 carbon fixation forms
____________________________ from 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP

Back 69

1,3-biphosphoglycerate

Front 70

The electron pair which reduces 3-phosphoglycerate comes from..

Back 70

NADPH

Front 71

3 molecules of CO2 produces _____G3P

Back 71

6

Front 72

How many G3P are required to complete carbon fixation?

Back 72

5

Front 73

The net gain of G3P in carbon fixation is

Back 73

1 molecule

Front 74

_____ G3P are released for use by the plant and _____ are returned to repeat the cycle

Back 74

1, 5

Front 75

Phase 3 Carbon fixation involves ______ of RuBP CO2 acceptor

Back 75

Regeneration

Front 76

Regenration of RuBP CO2 acceptor "costs" ____ATP

Back 76

3

Front 77

Kinase is the..

Back 77

transfer of phosphate from ATP to a hydroxyl group of a protein

Front 78

Phosphatase is the

Back 78

removal of phosphate from a protein

Front 79

If Photosystem 2 "gets ahead" of PS1 ________ accumulates

Back 79

plastoquinone

Front 80

If plastiquinone accumulates in the system protein ________ activates and _________ protein is light harvesting complex

Back 80

kinase, phosphorylates

Front 81

_____ grass is better in cold weather

Back 81

C3

Front 82

Warm weather grasses

Back 82

C4

Front 83

C3/C4 operates better in high CO2

Back 83

C3

Front 84

Longitude/Latitude of Guelph (SUPPOSED TO BE ON FINAL!)

Back 84

43.5500*N, 80.2500*W

Front 85

C4 plants are more efficient in using

Back 85

NO2

Front 86

C4 plants need _______ rubisco

Back 86

less

Front 87

Water is a ________ concentration mechanism

Back 87

CO2

Front 88

T/F : C4 plants use more water

Back 88

FALSE. LESS WATER

Front 89

Ontarios precipitation rate is changing by...

Back 89

0.0002% - NOT changing!

Front 90

C4 plants have both C3/C4 processes (T/F)

Back 90

True!

Front 91

"CAM" is the..

Back 91

same cell, separated in time

Front 92

CAM Plant at night: Stomates open, CO2 fixed onto malate, stored in vacuoles. (T/F)

Back 92

TRUE

Front 93

CAM Plant Day: Stomate shut, C4 acid goes to chloroplast, CO2 released, C3 processes resume. (T/F)

Back 93

TRUE

Front 94

CAM Plant (Night); Stomates________, CO2 ____

Back 94

Open, fixed

Front 95

CAM Plant (Day); Stomates _______. C3 processes ________

Back 95

Close, resume

Front 96

Example of a CAM plant

Back 96

Pineapple

Front 97

How many plant families are CAM plants?

Back 97

18

Front 98

(7%, 12%, 16% 16.5% of plants are CAM plants)

Back 98

7% of all species!

Front 99

CAM plants are (major/minor) plants for Carbon Fixation

Back 99

Major

Front 100

Thorns are an example of..

Back 100

Primary Metabolites

Front 101

Primary metabolites are:

Back 101

structural features for defense.

Front 102

Toxins are an example of ________ metabolites

Back 102

SECONDARY metabolites

Front 103

One use of secondary metabolites is

Back 103

Drugs - quinone, salicyclic acid, cancer treatment

Front 104

Reactions to toxins are NOT animal specific. (T/F)

Back 104

FALSE. Reactions ARE animal specific.

Front 105

Alsike Clover is particularly dangerous to chickens.

Back 105

FALSE, HORSES

Front 106

Alsike Clover has what effect on the animal?

Back 106

Reduces ability to process chlorophyll

Front 107

During digestion, chlorophyll molecule is broken down and ________ ring is left in the gut/absorbed into bloodstream

Back 107

porphyrin

Front 108

Porphyrin rings are important in

Back 108

light reactions

Front 109

Porphyrin ring absorbs _______ in the bloodstream

Back 109

photons

Front 110

Light reactions in the bloodstream from ingestion of alsike clover result in ________ being released into the body

Back 110

high energy electrons

Front 111

Alsike clover causes a condition known as

Back 111

Photosensitization

Front 112

Photosensitization results in

Back 112

severe internal/external burns

Front 113

Main stimulus in plants is

Back 113

light

Front 114

(T/F) The net photosynthesis of a plant can never be negative.

Back 114

FALSE

Front 115

Light compensation point:

Back 115

CO2 uptake = CO2 evolution

Front 116

Obligate shade plant example

Back 116

Ginseng

Front 117

Falcultative plant is

Back 117

Either shade/sun plant. (Doesnt matter)

Front 118

Shade plant has (higher/lower) compensation point

Back 118

Lower

Front 119

Sun leaves are generally

Back 119

outermost on plants

Front 120

Shade leaves are generally

Back 120

internal (in canopy)

Front 121

Low light plants have more/less chlorophyll

Back 121

MORE

Front 122

Low light plants have more chlorophyll because

Back 122

there are less photons and therefore efficiency is important

Front 123

Low light plants are generally:

Back 123

thin/broad

Front 124

Reflection rate of Red is

Back 124

43% reflection, 4% transmission, 53% absorption

Front 125

White paint reflects

Back 125

97% light

Front 126

Red paint caused higher/lower photorespiration rate (than white paint) on turf grass

Back 126

LOWER. (C3 Grasses - heat buildup from absorption!)

Front 127

Receptor cell serves what purpose?

Back 127

Receiving light signal

Front 128

Receptor proteins react to sensory input by

Back 128

changing shape (phosphorolyated/dephosphorylated)

Front 129

PHYA-C is

Back 129

Phytochrome C

Front 130

Monocots have PHYA-_____

Back 130

PHYA-C

Front 131

Dicots have PHYA-____

Back 131

PHYA-E

Front 132

Blue light receptors are called

Back 132

Cryptochromes (CRY1 & 2)

Front 133

Plants perceive competition by...

Back 133

Red light signal!

Front 134

Plant competition is assessed by the ratio of ___ to _____ light

Back 134

far red:low red ratio!

Front 135

Phytochrome photoreceptor has an _______ and ______ form..

Back 135

illuminated, dark

Front 136

Pf is CIS isomer (T/F)

Back 136

TRUE

Front 137

PFR is TRANS isomer (T/F)

Back 137

True

Front 138

PF, PFR have (same/different) molecular shapes

Back 138

Different

Front 139

Photo inter-conversion refers to

Back 139

Difference in conformation from CIS to TRANS isomer

Front 140

PFR is stable form

Back 140

FALSE. Rapid degeneration

Front 141

Shade response example

Back 141

stem enlongation, shoot altration

Front 142

Seed germination is ________ by far red light

Back 142

inhibited

Front 143

Flowering response depends on (most correct)
a) soil quality
b) glucose level in plant
c) time of year
d) daylight length

Back 143

D) Daylight length

Front 144

"Internal clock" is called

Back 144

Circadian Rhythm

Front 145

Daylight response plant types

Back 145

Long Day,
Short Day,
Day neutral

Front 146

Long day plant example

Back 146

Red clover

Front 147

Short day plants flower during ____ days and grow vegetatively during ___ days

Back 147

Short day, long day

Front 148

Falculatative plants

Back 148

flower faster

Front 149

Examples of day neutral plant

Back 149

Tomato, sunflower

Front 150

One way to reset the clock on a long day plant during night break is to..

Back 150

flash light

Front 151

Encouraging flowering in long day plants can be accomplished by

Back 151

flashing light

Front 152

Flashing light in a short day plant will _____ flowering

Back 152

STOP

Front 153

Vernalization refers to

Back 153

cold treatment

Front 154

the purpose of vernalization is to

Back 154

promote flowering in obligate secies

Front 155

Cold treatment "tricks the plant into thinking it is

Back 155

Spring time (flowering time)

Front 156

GMO "event" is a

Back 156

tested, approved sequence in a certain area

Front 157

"novel trait" is regulated on the ...

Back 157

basis of trait

Front 158

novel trait is not regulated by the

Back 158

method used to introduce it to the plant

Front 159

GMO refers to

Back 159

Organism with DNA sequence introduced into another species through recombinant DNA techniques.

Front 160

PNT refers to something that is

Back 160

New to Cdn environment and has the potential to affect the specific use and safety of the plant (control)

Front 161

Agrobacterium can be used to

Back 161

swap DNA

Front 162

Agrobacterium can be used to introduce DNA by

Back 162

having its' own gene sequence replaced and introduced to target cell

Front 163

Ballistics in GMO refers to

Back 163

firing a DNA sequence (via particle gun) into cells.

Front 164

GMO can result in ____ pesticide use

Back 164

Less

Front 165

Legislation in the USA requires the identification of

Back 165

NON-GM (<5% GM)

Front 166

EU requires identification of

Back 166

GM over 0.9%

Front 167

Japan must label

Back 167

NON-GM if <5%

Front 168

Canadas labelling laws require

Back 168

Nothing. They do not exist

Front 169

GM salmon result of

Back 169

Sea eel with Chinook Salmon

Front 170

False positives in ELISA GMO protein detection can result due to the..

Back 170

NATURAL presence antibodies due to (ingestion, uptake) of a GMO organism

Front 171

Testing for GM alfalfa in rabbit genes could/could not result in false positive

Back 171

COULD. Natural antibodies

Front 172

Solar tracking in plants example

Back 172

physical movement (15 degree) of plant

Front 173

Solar tracking is done by detection of ____ light

Back 173

BLUE

Front 174

Tissue that drives plant movement is

Back 174

species specific

Front 175

One tissue that drives plant movement is the

Back 175

Pulvinus (petiole blade junction)

Front 176

One tissue that drives plant movement is the

Back 176

entire stem (twist)

Front 177

Diurnal cycles:

Back 177

Processes occur in light, some in dark

Front 178

Circadian Rhythyms are controlled by internal

Back 178

"oscillator"

Front 179

Why do plants drop leaves at night?

Back 179

Reduce moonlight capture (no "internal clock" interference)

Front 180

(T/F) City lights cannot mess up circadian rhythyms

Back 180

FALSE.

Front 181

Photosynthase sinks are

Back 181

locations where plant needs carbon

Front 182

In a freshly cut plant carbon is:

Back 182

pulled from roots

Front 183

In a plant with "full leaves" carbon is

Back 183

stored in roots

Front 184

(T/F) plants cannot switch sink/source location of carbon

Back 184

FALSE - changes based on need

Front 185

Testing to track carbon transfer in plants was done by;

Back 185

injecting carbon 14 and autoradiographing the plant.

Front 186

Loading the phloem through passive transport (concentration gradient) is called

Back 186

symplast loading

Front 187

Apoplast loading refers to

Back 187

active loading requiring ATP.

Front 188

Apoplast loading is advantageous in _____ areas

Back 188

cold/drought

Front 189

ATP sucrose loading
Mesophyll to ______________ to conc gradient

Back 189

ATP-ase

Front 190

Symport system moves (one/two) things at once

Back 190

two

Front 191

Xylem transports (direction)

Back 191

UP ONLY

Front 192

Phloem transports

Back 192

Both up/down

Front 193

There can be multiple phloem working in different directions (T/F)

Back 193

TRUE

Front 194

Phloem unloading is an example of

Back 194

symplast loading

Front 195

Apoplast unloading is an example of

Back 195

apoplast loading

Front 196

Nitrogen comes from

Back 196

soil, symbiotic rhizobian

Front 197

Nitrogen sources include

Back 197

ammonium, nitrate

Front 198

Nitrogen uptake (requires/does not require) ATP

Back 198

requires

Front 199

_______ is most useful form of nitrogen

Back 199

Ammonium

Front 200

Ammonium is the most useful form because it is

Back 200

easily converted to amino acid!

Front 201

If NO3 is formed in the plant, it must be converted to ______ first

Back 201

ammonium

Front 202

Location of nitrogen conversion is

Back 202

plant depenant

Front 203

In cool season plants nitrogen conversion takes place in

Back 203

roots

Front 204

in warm season plants nitrogen conversion takes place in

Back 204

leaves

Front 205

plants can store _____ safely and easily

Back 205

nitrate

Front 206

Concentration of nitrates is highest in

Back 206

lower stock of plant

Front 207

Wisconsin cattle deaths (52 deaths) caused by

Back 207

Nitrogen poisoning

Front 208

NO3 has the potential to cause nitrogen poisoning (T/F)

Back 208

False. Nitrite does!

Front 209

All nitrogen forms are _____ into the ______

Back 209

absorbed, bloodstream

Front 210

Nitrite has what effect on hemoglobin

Back 210

conversion to methylhemoglobin

Front 211

Methylhemoglobin is dangerous because it

Back 211

cannot bond oxygen

Front 212

Blue baby syndrome is an example of

Back 212

nitrogen toxicity

Front 213

What tropical/semi tropical parasitic weed resulted in 50-75% losses

Back 213

Striga

Front 214

Striga is difficult to detect because it

Back 214

grows 7wks underground/spreads fast

Front 215

In addition to Striga, what other stressor resulted in decimation of tropical/semi tropical populations

Back 215

African Stem Borrer, Busseda Fusca moth.

Front 216

Push pull technology refers to

Back 216

using plants to "push" deter plants, "pull" attract natural enemies

Front 217

Napier grass is a good "pull" plant because it

Back 217

attracts insects and contains hexane, paralyzing them.

Front 218

Expression of hexane in napier grass is only during

Back 218

moth active hours

Front 219

Perennial legume "silverleaf" releases what useful compound?

Back 219

Ocimene - nonatriene moth repellant

Front 220

Silverleaf also helps control

Back 220

Striga

Front 221

Roots of silverleaf produce

Back 221

isoflavones (inhibits attachment of striga roots)

Front 222

"Aphid alarm" is a system that

Back 222

releases a pheremone to alert close aphids of danger to avoid predation

Front 223

Peppermind releases same pheremone as "aphid alarm". Was the introduction of this gene into plants successful in aphid deterrent?

Back 223

No. One study conducted with no significant results.

Front 224

No-Till crops can cause problems because

Back 224

last-season stem covered in mycotoxins. Transferred to new plants with rain.

Front 225

Cyanogenic compounds are present in ____ species

Back 225

250

Front 226

How many different cyanogenic glycosides exist?

Back 226

21+

Front 227

Glycoside stored in

Back 227

vacuole

Front 228

Cyanide released by

Back 228

enzyme in cystol

Front 229

For cyanide to be active

Back 229

vacuole and cystol contents must mix

Front 230

HCN works by

Back 230

stopping ATP transport

Front 231

Plants are not affected by HCN because they

Back 231

have a different ATP production pathway

Front 232

The different pathway is called

Back 232

Alternate Oxydase

Front 233

One cyanide containing food-product is

Back 233

cassava, apples, oranges, peaches

Front 234

Konzo disease is

Back 234

cyanide poisoning - neurological symptoms. Improperly prepared cassava

Front 235

Removing cyanide gene in cassava results in

Back 235

"sweet cassava"

Front 236

Sweet cassava is less desirable because it

Back 236

rots faster, less pest resistent.

Front 237

Cyanide contaning "bitter" cassava stores easily for

Back 237

8-12 months

Front 238

Cyanide is very responsive to CO2 in air (T/F)

Back 238

False.

Front 239

Dicoumerol causes

Back 239

lack of clotting

Front 240

Dicoumerol is present in

Back 240

sweet clover

Front 241

The veterinarian from OVC who discovered dicoumerol poisoning was

Back 241

Dr. Schofield

Front 242

One medical application of dicoumerol is

Back 242

Warfarin

Front 243

Warfarin was named after the

Back 243

Wisconsin Agricultural Research Foundation
WARF

Front 244

Phytoestrogens are present in

Back 244

Subclover

Front 245

Phytoestrogens initially resulted in _____ in lamb populations

Back 245

thriving

Front 246

After ____ years, ______ symptoms were noted in sheep populations

Back 246

10, lactating males, high abortion rate,

Front 247

Phytoestrogen is ________ ________ to mammal estrogen

Back 247

chemically similar

Front 248

Coumestans are _____ and are present in

Back 248

phytoestrogens, white clover

Front 249

Phytoestrogens are a method of

Back 249

naturally controlling population

Front 250

The content of phytoestrogens in subclover is

Back 250

5.9%

Front 251

(T/F) Cattle are equally sensitive to phytoestrogens as sheep

Back 251

False

Front 252

Phytoestrogen pathway was isolated in

Back 252

1960

Front 253

Alfalfa supplements (do/do not) identify coumestrol phytoestrogens.

Back 253

DO NOT