Biol-M 200

Front 1

What are genes?

Back 1

Units of inheritance that determine the traits passed from 1 generation to the next

Front 2

What are alleles?

Back 2

Variants of a gene

Ex: genes that determine pea pod shape

Front 3

What is a genome?

Back 3

The entire collection of all genetic material in a microbe

Front 4

2 DNA strands intertwine to form a ______ _____.

Back 4

Double Helix

* each strand is equal & anti-parallel

Front 5

A always binds to ____ in DNA.

C always binds to ____ in DNA.

Back 5

A - T

C - G

Front 6

What is Chargaff's Rule?

Back 6

%A = %T

%C = %G

Front 7

Where does DNA carry the genetic information?

Back 7

In its sequence

Front 8

Where do eukaryotic cells keep chromosomes?

Back 8

Condensed & packaged into the nucleus

Front 9

What kind of chromosomes do prokaryotes have?

Back 9

Single, circular chromosomes

Front 10

What are plasmids?

Back 10

- Small circular extra-chromosomal DNA

- Carries genes with non-essential functions (like antibiotic resistance)

Front 11

What is the central dogma of biology?

Back 11

DNA (genes) --> RNA (message) --> Protein (product)

Front 12

What is replication?

Back 12

DNA copying itself

Front 13

What is transcription?

Back 13

DNA makes RNA

Front 14

What is translation?

Back 14

RNA makes protein

Front 15

What is semiconservative replication?

Back 15

Each strand serves as a template for replication

Front 16

What does helices do?

Back 16

unzips DNA

(replication fork forms)

Front 17

What is DNA polymerase (DNAP)?

Back 17

the replicating enzyme

Front 18

DNA synthesis occurs ___' to ___'

Back 18

5' to 3'

Front 19

2 types of strands formed during replication?

Back 19

Lagging & Leading

Front 20

What why does DNAP move?

Back 20

towards the helices

Front 21

The _______ strand is fragmented because it has to go back every time DNA unzips

Back 21

Lagging strand

Front 22

What is the origin (oriC)?

Back 22

A specific DNA sequence at which replication begins

Front 23

What is the terminus (terC)?

Back 23

A DNA region at which each replication fork ends during replication

Front 24

How does replication initiate?

Back 24

DNA polymerase and helicase bind to DNA at oriC & begin replication

Front 25

Replication is _____________?

Back 25

Bidirectional: 2 complexes of DNA polymerase set off in opposite directions (looks like greek letter theta)

Front 26

Where do both copies of replicated DNA reside?

Back 26

in its own new daughter cell

Front 27

Describe RNA synthesis (transcription).

Back 27

1. DNA sends messages to ribosomes

2. mRNA message is made by RNA polymerase

3. Promoters control transcription

Front 28

________+_______= RNA polymerase

Back 28

Core + Sigma

Front 29

What is the core responsible for?

Back 29

assembling RNA

Front 30

What is sigma responsible for?

Back 30

- Finding promoters on the DNA strands where the RNA polymerase can bind

- each sigma recognizes a specific promoter sequence & determines which messages get sent

Front 31

What are promoters?

Back 31

DNA sequences that indicate where to start transcription (start the message)

Front 32

What 2 things are part of a promoter?

Back 32

-35 box & -10 box

Front 33

Promoter sequences are NOT ______?

Back 33

identical

Front 34

How do you determine the consensus sequence for sigma?

Back 34

average all the promoter sequences

Front 35

Stronger promoters are closer to _________.

Back 35

consensus

Front 36

What are 2 things strong promoters do?

Back 36

- call over lots of RNA polymerases

- microorganism will create lots of messages (lots of protein later on)

Front 37

What do RNA nucleotides base pair with?

Back 37

complementary DNA