Biol Lab Exam 3

Front 1

sea stars & starfishes 17

Back 1

class asteroidea

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sea lilies 17

Back 2

class crinoidea

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sea urchins & sand dollars 17

Back 3

class echinoidea

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sea cucumbers 17

Back 4

class holothuroidea

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brittle stars 17

Back 5

class ophiuroidea

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oral surface 17

Back 6

ventral side

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aboral surface 17

Back 7

dorsal side

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opening to the water vascular syatem 17

Back 8

madreporite

Front 9

extends from mouth down middle of each arm 17

Back 9

ambulacral groove

Front 10

bony ridge runing along the midline of the arm 17

Back 10

ambulacral ridge

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spiral cleavage 17

Back 11

characteristic of protostomes-cleavage planes are diagonal to the vertical axis of embryo

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indeterminate cleavage 17

Back 12

each cell of an early embryo has ability to develop into a complete embryo

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determinate cleavage 17

Back 13

fate of embryonica cell is "determined" very early in development

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deuterostomes 17

Back 14

2nd opening the forms becomes the mouth

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enlarged nucleus containing a nucleolus; meiosis begun in these cells, but not reached prophase I 17

Back 15

germinal vesicle

Front 16

invaginate 17

Back 16

creating a tube-like structure called archenteron

Front 17

4 characteristics of phylum chordata 18

Back 17

-notochord
-dorsal hollow nerve cord
-pharyngeal gill slits
-post-anal tail

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subphylum urochordata 18

Back 18

food in through incurrent siphon & exit through excurret siphon; dorsal hollow nerve cord & notochord are absent in adult but found in larva

Front 19

subphylum cephalochordata 18

Back 19

water leaves via the pharyngeal gill slits & exits the body through thte atriopore

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cephalization 18

Back 20

concentration of nervous tissue & sensory structures at anterior end

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amniotes 18

Back 21

they lay shelled, water-filled eggs

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classes in subphylum vertebrata 18

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class amphibia; class reptilia; class aves; class mammalia

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birds adaptations for flight 18

Back 23

reduction of weight in skeleton; lack of teeth; wimgs

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epithelium 19

Back 24

covers body of animal or lines hollow structures w/in its body; digestive system, blood vessels

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connective tissue 19

Back 25

holds other tissues together or used for structural purposes

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muscle 19

Back 26

contractile

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nervous tissue 19

Back 27

ability to conduct an action potential

Front 28

chromatophores 19

Back 28

pigment cells give frog's skin its characteristic color & pattern

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cloaca 19

Back 29

posterior opening to the digestive & urogenital systems

Front 30

advantages of endoskeleton 19

Back 30

allows for jointed appendages capable of complex movement; lightweight, allowing vertebrates to attain greater size

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axial skeleton 19

Back 31

skull, ribs, vertebral column & sternum

Front 32

appendicular akeleton 19

Back 32

pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

Front 33

orbit 19

Back 33

opening for the eye

Front 34

fascia 19

Back 34

sheets of connective tissue that cover the muscles

Front 35

skeletal muscles 19

Back 35

attached to bones, voluntary; striations perpendicular to their long axis & are multinucleate

Front 36

smooth muscles 19

Back 36

involuntary; move food through digestive tract

Front 37

equalize air pressure on bothe sides of the tympanum; near the angles of the jaw 19

Back 37

eustachian tubes

Front 38

anterior part of the intestine where digestion finishes 19

Back 38

duodenum

Front 39

remainder of the intestine; involved in the absorption of digested food 19

Back 39

jejunoileum

Front 40

located in mesentary b/w stomach & duodenu; makes digestive enzymes & produces insulin & glucagon which regulate blood sugar levels 19

Back 40

pancreas

Front 41

membrane that holds organs in place 19

Back 41

mesentary

Front 42

cavity of the intestine 19

Back 42

lumen

Front 43

membrane outside of the intestine; continuous w/ the mesenteries 19

Back 43

visceral peritoneum

Front 44

divides into major arteries of the frogs body 19

Back 44

conus arteriosus

Front 45

thin-walled sac; blood returning from head & anterior parts of body enter 2 large veins (L&R vena cavae); blood from posterior part of body enters via single posterior vena cava 19

Back 45

sinus venosus

Front 46

synthesis of new blood cells, destruction of worn out blood cells; immune function 19

Back 46

spleen

Front 47

lines the body cavity of the urogenital system 19

Back 47

parietal peritoneum

Front 48

kidneys 19

Back 48

regulate water balance & eliminate toxic substances from blood

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dendrites 19

Back 49

receives impulsed

Front 50

cell body of neuron 19

Back 50

contains most of cytoplasm, nucleu, & most of the rest of the cellular organelles

Front 51

axon 19

Back 51

carries impulses away from cell body to other neurons

Front 52

neuroglial cells 19

Back 52

small cells among neurons; dont conduct nerve impulses; provide mechanical support, nutrition, & protction to the neurons

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biotic factors 9

Back 53

living

Front 54

abiotic factors 9

Back 54

nonliving; temperature, light, water, oxygen, availability of nutrients

Front 55

niche 9

Back 55

total utilization of biotic & abiotic resources of individual organism

Front 56

populations 9

Back 56

all the members of a given species that live in a particular location

Front 57

community 9

Back 57

all of the plant & animal populaitons living & interacting in a given environment

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ecosystem 9

Back 58

the level of ecological study that includes the entire community along w/ its physical environment

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autotrophs 9

Back 59

capture the suns energy & use it to manufacture all organic nutrients for an ecosystem

Front 60

heterotrophs 9

Back 60

obtain energy from teh chemical bonds in the food they eat

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tropic level 9

Back 61

the relationship b/w what an organism eats & what it is eaten by

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omnivores 9

Back 62

feed on both producers & consumers

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decomposers 9

Back 63

bateria & fungi that degrade the reamins of dead organisms into simpler materials

Front 64

detritivores 9

Back 64

insects, worms, & crustaceans that consume detritus

Front 65

detritus 9

Back 65

dead organic matter

Front 66

food chains & webs 9

Back 66

illustrate transfer of ood energy; 4-5 levels, 10% of energy in one trophic level transferred to the next

Front 67

why pond ecosystem studied? 9

Back 67

they support an incredible divesity of life & because they are contained w/in well defined boundaries

Front 68

littoral zone 9

Back 68

shallow region along the shore where light penetrates to the bottom; floating plants such as water lilies are found at the edge of this zone; animal life is diverse; diatoms are among most abundant producers in this area

Front 69

limnetic zone 9

Back 69

layer of open water to the depth that light penetrates; phytoplankotn, zooplankton & fish inhabit this area

Front 70

profundal zone 9

Back 70

deep region beneath the limnetic zone where light does not penetrate; organisms rely primarily on organic material that rains down from above; decomposers & detritivores found here

Front 71

surface film 9

Back 71

provides habitat for many organism; duckweed-food source for water fowl; animal found here breathe air & have specialized appendages which allow them to walk on the surface of the water w/o breaking through ;water beetles & water striders

Front 72

species diversity 9

Back 72

relates the density of the organism present in the community to the number of species in the community; combination of 2 concepts: species richness & relative abundance

Front 73

species richness 9

Back 73

number of different species in a community

Front 74

relative abundance 9

Back 74

of individuals among species

Front 75

ecologist use measures of species diversity to. . . 9

Back 75

compare & monitor communities

Front 76

ecologist monitor species diversity in natural communities. . . 9

Back 76

following biological disturbances to measure fitness or rate of recovery -non-native species can invade community & alter the species diversity: invader species experiences low predation pressure & reproduces rapidly, while exploiting the resources of several competing species

Front 77

simpsons index 9

Back 77

-measures species dominance: the number of times one would have to take pairs of individuals at random to find a pair of the same species
-if species richness is low, you would remove 2 of the same species w/ few tries
-simpson suggests that species diversity is inversely related to the probability the 2 individual picked at random belong to the same species

Front 78

regeneration 17

Back 78

replacement of severed arms

Front 79

madrophorite 17

Back 79

opening to water vascular system

Front 80

3 arms
2 arms
17

Back 80

trivium, bivium

Front 81

petacelarial

Back 81

help clean debris & parasites

Front 82

subphylum urochordata 18

Back 82

bodies covered by membrane

Front 83

tissue 19

Back 83

group of specialized cells

Front 84

mast cells 19

Back 84

secrete histamine

Front 85

reticular fibers 19

Back 85

branch

Front 86

collagen fibers 19

Back 86

bundles

Front 87

macrophages 19

Back 87

scavenge & clean up body

Front 88

fibroblasts 19

Back 88

secrete fibers

Front 89

matrix 19

Back 89

physical state

Front 90

muscle 19 (3 parts)

Back 90

1. origin
2. belly
3. insertion (where attached)

Front 91

pancreas location 19

Back 91

extends from the pyloric sphinctor anteriorly towards the liver

Front 92

level of study 9 (pond ecology)f

Back 92

niche, population, community, ecosystem

Front 93

energy flow 9 (pond ecology)

Back 93

autrotrophs: primary producers; heterotrophs: primary,2,3,4 consumers; decomposers: detrivores, detritus