Biol Chp 1

Front 1

theory

Back 1

explanation for a very gerneral class of phenomena or observations

Front 2

Who invented the microscope and when did he invent it, and what was the magnification?

Back 2

Robert Hooke, 1665, 30x

Front 3

What did Hooke discover under the microscope?

Back 3

cells

Front 4

What were the two major contributions made by Anton van Leeuwenhoek?

Back 4

1. invented microscope 300x
2. observed single-celled organisms like paramecium. he also saw human blood cells and sperm cells.

Front 5

How small are the smallest bacteria known today?

Back 5

200 nanometers wide, 200 billionths of a meter

Front 6

cell

Back 6

highly organized compartment that is bounded by a thin, flexible structure called a plasma membrane and that contains concentrated chemicals in an aqueous solution.

Front 7

What are the two components of most scientific theories?

Back 7

1. describes a pattern in the natural world
2. identifies a mechanism or process that is responsible for creating that pattern.

Front 8

What was the prevailing explanation before the cell theory? Was it a hypothesis or theory and why?

Back 8

Spontaneous generation; organisms arise spontaneously under certain conditions.
Hypothesis, because it was an explanation specifically for when organisms arise.

Front 9

hypothesis

Back 9

proposed explanation

Front 10

What is the difference between theory and hypothesis?

Back 10

Theory refers to proposed explanations for broad patterns in nature and hypothesis refers to explanations for more tightly focused questions.

Front 11

prediction

Back 11

something that can be measured and that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid.

Front 12

Pasteur experiment

Back 12

Experiment to test if cells arise spontanesouly or from other cells.
Pasteur took a straight necked flask in which he allowed preexisting cells to enter flask. He had a swan necked flask in which preexisting cells from air were trapped in swan neck.
Conclusion was that the broth in swan neck remained sterile but the broth in straight neck was filled with cells.

Front 13

What was the single variable in Pasteur's experiment?

Back 13

a broth's exposure to preexisting cells

Front 14

2 main points of Pasteur experiment?

Back 14

1.cells come from preexisting cells
2. the heat sterilization step did not alter the broth's capacity to support growth. it supported the hypothesis that growth started with preexisting cells.

Front 15

If all cells come from preexisting cells, what does this imply?

Back 15

All individuals in a population of single-celled organisms are related by common ancestry. Similarly, multicellular organisms' cells trace back to a fertilized egg which formed the cells of previous organisms. In this sense, all cells of multicellular organisms are related by common ancestry.

Front 16

Who were the first two scientists to write short papers on the theory of evolution and when?

Back 16

Darwin and Wallace, 1858

Front 17

evolution. (2 claims)

Back 17

1. species are related by common ancestry
2. characteristics of species can be modified from generation to generation "descent with modification" - darwin

Front 18

what are the 2 conditions for natural selection?

Back 18

1. individuals within a population vary in characteristics that are heritable.
2. versions of these heritable traits help individuals survive better or reproduce more than do other versions

Front 19

What are the differences between natural selection and evolution?

Back 19

Natural selection acts on individuals and favors the more "fit" individuals.
Evolution affects only populations and occurs when heritable variation leads to differential success in reproduction. Thus, the change may be either good or bad.

Front 20

fitness

Back 20

ability of an individual to produce offspring

Front 21

adaptation

Back 21

trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment

Front 22

How did scientists create brocolli?

Back 22

They crossed individuals of the wild mustard species with large and compact flowering stalks.

Front 23

What are the two central ideas put together by the cell theory and theory of evolution?

Back 23

1. Cell is the fundamental structural unit in all organisms.
2. All species are related by common ancestry and have changed over time in response to natural selection.

Front 24

speciation

Back 24

natural selection causes populations of one species to diverge and form new species.

Front 25

Research on speciation has supported what claim?

Back 25

Natural selection can lead to change between species as well as within species.

Front 26

taxonomy

Back 26

effort to name and classify organisms

Front 27

Who was the creator of taxonomy and when was it born?

Back 27

Carolus Linnaeus 1735

Front 28

two part naming system (aka and description)

Back 28

binomial nomenclature
first part - genus (made up of a closely related group of species)
second part - species (individuals that regularly breed together or have distinct characteristics)

italicisized.
genus is capitalized but species is not.

Front 29

List the taxonomic groups from most specific to least

Back 29

species genus family order class phylum kingdom

Front 30

taxon

Back 30

any named group of organisms at any level of a classification system

Front 31

How did Linnaeus categorize plants and animals?

Back 31

plants: produce their own food
animals: move and acquire food by eating other organisms

Front 32

eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes
(akas)

Back 32

eukaryotes "true-kernel"- nucleus
prokaryotes "before-kernel" - no nucleus

Front 33

5 kingdoms

Back 33

monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia

Front 34

What is the difference between monera and protista?

Back 34

monera includes all prokaryotes and protista includes several groups of unicellular eukaryotes.

Front 35

Phylogeny: definition and its founder

Back 35

genealogical relationships of all organisms.
-founded by Carl Woese

Front 36

What molecule did phylogeny scientists use to compare among organisms and why?

Back 36

small subunit rRNA.
the function of rRNA is the same for all organisms but the sequence of AUCG differs slightly between similar organisms and largely between different organisms.

Front 37

domain (definition and list the 3)

Back 37

a taxonomic category based on similarities in basic cellular biochemistry, above the kingdom level.
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Front 38

Linnaeus grouped fungi with ???. Was he right?

Back 38

plants. no he was incorrect.
fungi are actually more related to animals.

Front 39

How do biologists test ideas about the way the natural world works?

Back 39

They test the predictions made by alternative hypotheses often by setting up carefully designed experiments.

Front 40

food competition hypothesis

Back 40

giraffes have longer necks to reach higher for food.

Front 41

What are the two steps to hypothesis testing?

Back 41

1. state hypothesis as precisely as possible and list the predictions it makes.
2. Design an observational or experimental study that is capable of testing those predictions.

Front 42

What happens if predictions are not met?

Back 42

Researchers do further tests, modify the original hypothesis, or search for alternative explanations.

Front 43

sexual competition hypothesis

Back 43

giraffes use long necks for stronger torque to fight in competition for a mate.

Front 44

directed dispersal hypothesis

Back 44

natural selection favors fruits that taste bad to animal species that act as seed predators but at the same time it doesn't deter species that act as dispersers.

Front 45

Directed dispersal hypothesis experiment

Back 45

does capsaicin deter seed predators?
scientists gathered hackberries, chilies without capsaicin and chilies with capsaicin and fed it to mice, seed eaters, and thrashers, fruit eaters.
result: capsaicin does not deter thrashers and protects chilies from mice.

Front 46

What is important for a good scientific hypothesis?

Back 46

It must make testable predictions that can be supported or rejected by collecting and analyzing data.

Front 47

null hypothesis

Back 47

specifies what we should observe when the hypothesis being tested doesn't hold.