Biol 415: Lecture 3 (9/1/15)

Front 1

A useless or rudimentary body part that is thought to have been important in ancestral population but no longer has a known function is termed a(n)_________________.

Back 1

Vestigial structure

Front 2

what five elements refute the non-scientific approach and support descent with modification

Back 2

1. Species change over time

2. Lineages split and diverge

3. New life-forms derive from older forms

4. All life-forms are related

5. Te Earth - and life on Earth - are really, really old.

Front 3

A characteristic shared by two species (or other taxa) that is similar because of common ancestry

Back 3

Homology

Front 4

What are the three types of homology?

Back 4

1. structural homology

2. Ontogenetic homology

3. Molecular homology

Front 5

A characteristic that are similar but not derived from a common ancestor.

Back 5

Analogy

Front 6

Analgoies are a result of __________________

Back 6

Convergent evolution

Front 7

This image is an example of

Back 7

Homology

Front 8

This image is an example of

Back 8

Analogy

Front 9

T/F: Based on the nested set of traits, we can infer the evolutionary history of common ancestry

Back 9

True

Front 10

Developmental (embryological) similiraities

Back 10

Ontogenetic Homology

Front 11

T/F: All vertebrates develop a similar body plan

Back 11

True

Front 12

All vertebrates develop a similar body plan. What are some body structures that they share

Back 12

Notochord, Body segments, pharyngeal pouches

Front 13

What do shared developmental structures (ontogenetic homology) say about different species?

Back 13

The shared developmental structures (ontogenetic homology) reflects shared evolutionary history

Front 14

What gene is said to be the genetic toolkit responsible for the control of homologous body plans across different species.

Back 14

Hox genes

Front 15

What genetic flaw do humans share with chimpanzee, but not with gorillas, orangutans and other primates?

Back 15

CMT1A

Front 16

Explain how sister chromatids could possibly result in one without a copy of a gene with the other having two copies

Back 16

In instances where there are repeat elements flanking genes, there is a possibility for missalignment during recombination and when the chromatids split, this could result in one sister chromatid without a gene and the other with two genes.

Front 17

T/F: the human genome has very few repeat elements

Back 17

False. The human genome is full of these repeat sequences

Front 18

Repeat sequences in the genome are often caused by

Back 18

Transposons

Front 19

T/F: often times repeat elements in a genome are parasitic

Back 19

True

Front 20

Why are repeat elements in genomes bad?

Back 20

They could potentially lead to a loss or a gain of a gene during recombination. In both instances, diseases or undesirable phenotypes could result.

Front 21

Because of a CMT1A repeat sequence, humans have been shown to be most closely related to what species?

Back 21

Chimpanzees

Front 22

Genes that have no real function

Back 22

Pseudogenes

Front 23

By what process are pseudogenes produced?

Back 23

Reverse transcription

Front 24

How are pseudogenes formed?

Back 24

Pseudogenes (genes which have no function) are formed through transposons. The transposon is transcribed into RNA and then using reverse transcriptase returned back to DNA which is integrated back into the genome.

Front 25

Do older pseudogenes occur in a broader range of species?

Back 25

Yes, older pseudogenes are found among a broad taxa while young pseudogenes are only shared in a small group. We can tell the difference because the younger pseudogene will have very similar/identical sequences.

Front 26

Sediments originally deposited in horizontal layers

Back 26

Original horizontality

Front 27

In undisturbed strata, older layers lie beneath younger one

Back 27

Superposition

Front 28

Who proposed the principle of Uniformitarianism?

Back 28

James Hutton

Front 29

Describe Uniformitarianism

Back 29

Principle proposed by James Hutton, Uniformitarianism means the processes acting on the Earth's surface today were the same ones that had been acting upon it for all of history. If this principle is true, then Earth had to be millions, not thousands of years old.

Front 30

Based on relative dating, place the following dates from oldest to youngest:

1. Pennsylvanian

2. Devonian

3. Cambrian

4. Permian

5. Mississippian

6. Precambrian

Back 30

1. Precambrian

2. Cambrian

3. Devonian

4. Mississippian

5. Pennsylvanian

6. Permian

Front 31

Geologists can establish relative age of rocks based on the principles of ___________

Back 31

Stratigraphy

Front 32

Relative age is difficult to determine just based on the principle of stratigraphy alone. What technique gave us the means of measuring numeric age?

Back 32

Radiometric dating

Front 33

Elements with different numbers of neutrons

Back 33

Isotopes

Front 34

T/F: Some isotopes are unstable and undergo radioactive decay, transforming into more stable isotopes

Back 34

True

Front 35

Why do radioactive isotopes decay?

Back 35

They decay in order to achieve a more stable state.

Front 36

Parent isotopes spontaneously decay at a constant rate to a daughter isotope

Back 36

Radioactive isotope

Front 37

At least how old is Earth?

Back 37

4.6 billion years old

Front 38

If potassium decays into Calcium (89%) and Argon (11%) with a half life of 1.3 billion years. How old is a rock that was found to have 2mg of Potassium and 0.22mg of Argon?

Back 38

Since after 1 half life 11% of the total potassium is lost as Argon we can take the amount of argon and divide it by 0.11. This gives us the amount of potassium lost as a result of Argon production. Then we add this number to the number of potassium found in the rock now to get the original amount of potassium. Determining the number of half lifes it took for the rock to reach that potassium number will give you the age of the rock.

0.22/0.11= 2mg of K to produce 11% of argon.

2mg K (amount lost) + 2mg K (Amount remaining) = 4mg.

In order to reach 2mg of K from 4Mg of K it requires 1 half life meaning that the rock is 1.3 billion years old.

Front 39

If potassium decays into Calcium (89%) and Argon (11%) with a half life of 1.3 billion years. How old is a rock that was found to have 1mg of Potassium and 0.33mg of Argon?

Back 39

Since after 1 half life 11% of the total potassium is lost as Argon we can take the amount of argon and divide it by 0.11. This gives us the amount of potassium lost as a result of Argon production. Then we add this number to the number of potassium found in the rock now to get the original amount of potassium. Determining the number of half lifes it took for the rock to reach that potassium number will give you the age of the rock.

0.33/0.11= 3mg of K to produce 11% of argon.

3mg K (amount lost) + 1mg K (Amount remaining) = 4mg.

In order to reach 1mg of K from 4Mg of K it requires 2 half life meaning that the rock is 2.6 billion years old.

Front 40

What radiometric method is used to date volcanic rock?

Back 40

Potassium-Argon

Front 41

What is the half life of the potassium-Argon radiometric method?

Back 41

1.3 billion years

Front 42

Igneous and metamorphic rock are dated using what radiometric method?

Back 42

Uranium-lead

Front 43

U-238 to Pb-206 half life is

Back 43

4.5 billion years

Front 44

What radiometric method is used to date bones, wood, shells, cloth, and animal droppings?

Back 44

Carbon-14

Front 45

Carbon-14 dating half life is

Back 45

5730 years

Front 46

Name the large divisions of Eons?

Back 46

1. Hadean

2. Archaean

3. Proterozoic

4. Phanerozoic

Front 47

list the large divisions of Eons from oldest to youngest

Back 47

1. Hadean

2 Archean

3. Proterozoic

4. Phanerozoic

Front 48

During what Eon was early life first observed?

Back 48

Proterozoic

Front 49

Hadean, Archean, and proterozoic are referred to as the _____________

Back 49

Precambrian

Front 50

Phanerozoic means

Back 50

Visible life

Front 51

Life originated from what era

Back 51

Proterozoic

Front 52

What are the eras that fall under The Phanerozoic Eon?

Back 52

1. Paleozoic (ancient life)

2. Mesozoic (middle life, also called the age of dinosaurs)

3. Cenozoic (life, also called the age of mammals)

Front 53

This eon means "ancient rock"

Back 53

Archean

Front 54

What are the periods that fall under the Paleozoic Era

Back 54

1. Cambrian

2. Ordovician (first vertebrate organism - fish)

3. Silurian (first land plants)

4. Devonian (first amphibians)

5. Carboniferous (first reptiles)

6. Permian

Front 55

During what period did the first vertebrate organisms appear?

Back 55

Ordovician

Front 56

During what period did the first land plants appear?

Back 56

Silurian

Front 57

During what period did the first amphibians appear

Back 57

Devonian

Front 58

During what period did the first reptiles appear?

Back 58

Carboniferous

Front 59

This Era means ancient life

Back 59

Paleozoic

Front 60

This Era means middle life, also called the age of dinosaurs

Back 60

Mesozoic

Front 61

This Era means recent life, also called the age of mammals

Back 61

Cenozoic

Front 62

What are the periods that fall under The Mesozoic Era.

Back 62

1. Triassic

2. Jurassic

3. Cretaceous

Front 63

The first dinosaurs appeared in this period

Back 63

Triassic

Front 64

First dinosaurs appeared in this Era

Back 64

Mesozoic

Front 65

The first amphibians were seen during this era

Back 65

Paleozoic

Front 66

The first mammals appeared during this period

Back 66

Cretaceous

Front 67

The first mammals appeared during this era

Back 67

Mesozoic

Front 68

Processed pseudogenes are useful for testing Darwin's theory of descent with modification because they:

A. Accumulate mutations at a constant rate and thus older processed pseudogenes should be shared by a greater variety of species

B. Can be utilized for examining phylogenetic relationships among asexually reproducing organisms

C. Are distributed in organisms that are found in similar environments

D. Demonstrate phylogenetic relationships of divergence because they do not accumulate

Back 68

A. Accumulate mutations at a constant rate, and thus older processed pseudogenes should be shared by a greater variety of species

Front 69

The purposeful breeding of a specific trait

Back 69

Artificial Selection

Front 70

What is Darwin's first postulate?

Back 70

The individuals within a population differ from one another (variation within a population)

Front 71

What is Darwin's second postulate?

Back 71

The differences are, at least in part passed from parents to offspring (Variation is heritable)

Front 72

What is Darwin's third postulate?

Back 72

Some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others (differential fitness)

Front 73

What is Darwin's fourth postulate?

Back 73

The success in survival and reproduction is associated with variant traits that are heritable

Front 74

What are Darwin's postulates and why were they proposed?

Back 74

Darwin proposed four postulates necessary for Natural Selection to occur.

Front 75

Name all of the postulates proposed by Darwin necessary for Natural Selection to occur

Back 75

1. The individual within a population differ form one another (variation within a population)

2. The differences are, at least in part passed from parents to offspring (variation is heritable)

3. Some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others (differential fitness).

4. The success in survival and reproduction is associated with variant traits that are heritable.

Front 76

T/F: Natural selection leads to adaptation and by extension decent with modification

Back 76

True