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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are the location openings of the coronary arteries?
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Aorta, above the aortic valve
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Describe the event that happens during the ventricle systole.
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Opening of the semilunar valves
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What is meant by "Preload" work of the heart?
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Amount or volume the heart pumps before systole
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Describe Pulse Pressure, and what, if any, type of medication might be given for elevated pulse pressure.
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Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Meds: ACE inhibitors
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Describe the Cardiac Cycle.
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Two different phases filling and ejecting blood. "Blood Pressure and Heart Beat"
Systole: contraction of the heart chambers by driving blood out of the chambers Diastole: the period of time when the heart relaxes after systole, blood fills ventricles. |
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What causes the closing of the AV valves, and what muscle(s) cause tension to better hold the valve?
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closed by the tightening of the chordae tendinae. chordae tendinae attached to papillary muscles that cause tension to better hold the valve
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what is the subvalvular apparatice?
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Papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae
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what is the arterial system, and where is the greatest pulse pressure in the arterial system?
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Canals that carry blood from the hear to the organs, greatest pulse pressure is the aorta
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In healthy adults, how many normal heart sounds are typically describes and what are they? what causes the first heart sound and any others that exist?
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Two, defined as Lub and Dub which are first sound, s1, and second heart sound s2. closing of the AV valves cause the first heart sound
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Describe the isovolumetric contraction period of the cardiac cycle?
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Ventricular pressure rises rapidly without change in ventricular volume. Ventricular volume doesnt change because all valves are closed
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What greek words does the term tachycardia come from? In rapid tachycardia, why does the cardiac output fall?
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Tachys (rapid or accelerated) cardia (of the heart)
reduction in TIME for diastolic filing |
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What factors have the largest effect on the amount of blood flow? What disease(s) might decrease blood flow?
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diameter, radius, (how wide) etc. diseases: hypertension and atherosclerosis
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What is atherosclerosis and what part of the arterial system does affect?
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Clogged and hardened arteries that narrow and become clogged with plaque; affects large and medium sized arteries
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How does atherosclerosis exert its effects?
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Narrowing vessel lumen, ischemia, disruption endothelial lining, inflammation of atherosclerotic plaques
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How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate blood pressure?
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increases heart rate, contraction strength, Perveso resisitance and releases epinephrine
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What is hypertension and what are the factors that predispose someone to the development of hypertension?
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Chronic medical condition in which blood pressure is elevated. Obesity, alcohol consumption, and high sodium intake
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What are some symptoms of high blood pressure?
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may have no signs but some will have dull headaches, dizziness, and/or abnormal amount of nosebleeds
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The central circulation contains blood that is in what?
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Heart, Lungs, Pulmonary blood vessels
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What primarily controls autoregulation of blood flow in microcirculation?
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Metabolic needs of tissues
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What is microcirculation?
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The flow of blood vessels through the fine vessels (arterioles, capillaries, and venules)
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Describe the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
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Rennin converts angiotensinogen into Angiotensin 1, Angiotensin 1 is then converted to angiotensin 2 which constricts blood vessles and increases the blood pressure
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Build up of Hydrogen ions, Potassium ions, and nitric oxide in local tissues promotes what?
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Vasodilatation: the widening of the diameter of a blood vessel in order to decrease the resistance of blood flow
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What is an embolus and what are some causes and symptoms?
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Something that travels through the bloodstream, lodges in a blood vessel and blocks it. Ex. detached blood clot, a clump of bacteria, and foreign material
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What is atherosclerosis and what are the major risk factors ?
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A condidition in which fatty material collects along the walls of arteries. This fatty material thickens, hardens (from calcium depositis) and may eventually block the arteries. hypertension, smoking, blood-cholesterol levels high blood cholesterol, high fat diet, obesity diabetes, genetic predisposition
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How does cigarette smoking and hypertension enhance atherosclerosis?
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Disrupts endothelial layer of arteries
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Give examples of medical conditions that can induce secondary hyperlipoproteinemia?
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Diabetes, mellitus and obesity
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Long term regulation of blood pressure depends on the function of what?
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Kidneys and Salt-water levels
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Where are the majority of the receptors that bind and remove LDL to carry cholesterol from circulation?
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Liver
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What lifestyle factors increase the risk of atherosclerosis by producing a decrease in HDL?
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Cigarette smoking
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What conditions can contribute to the development of venous thrombosis?
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Immobility, older age, pregnancy, smoking, and obesity
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Where does deep venous thrombosis (DVT) generally occur?
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Deep veins of the legs or pelvic veins
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What are the two factors that predispose to the development of varicose veins?
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Obesity and long-term standing
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Describe varicose veins.
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Swollen, twisted, and, sometimes painful veins that are filled with an abnormal collection of blood
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What parameters of circulation are related to the arterial blood pressure?
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Cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance
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General action of ADH anti diuretic hormone.
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Increases the absorption of water and sodium in the kidneys (more so of water) water and sodium can go into circulation and increase blood pressure
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What helps reduce water retention and decease vascular volume in individuals with hypertension?
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Limiting the amount of NaCl (salt)
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Where are the effects of hypertension on the heart largely manifested?
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Left ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement)
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What does the diastolic blood pressure represent? What does the systolic blood pressure represent?
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Diastolic BP: Pressure maintained by the peripheral blood vessels during diastole
Systolic BP: when the heart is contracting |
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What does the systolic component of blood pressure directly reflect?
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Maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart
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What is pregnancy induced hypertension related to? What is another term for this?
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Toxic mediators: from impaired placenta perfusion that alter vessels endothelial cells
Toxemia preeclampsia |
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What are symptoms of toxemia?
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High blood pressure (a pressure reading higher than 140/90 mm Hg, or a significant increase in one or both pressures)
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Explain isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly.
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Aorta gets increasingly rigid
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Describe ACE-inhibitors?
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ACE= Antigone converting enzymes Angiotensin converting enzymes, decreases conversion angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
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In addition to hypertension, what else might ACE inhibitors be used to treat?
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Scleroderma and migraines
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What medication is frequently used to reduce the risk of coronary thrombosis (blood clot) in the absence of angina?
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Antiplatelets, such as Plavix
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Describe variant (Prinzmental's) angina (chest pain).
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Chest pain caused from coronary vessel spasm
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What is myocardial infarction? What are the signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction?
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Heart attack. Symptoms? crushing chest pain, nausea, indigestion
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What is the most recommended treatment to reduce chest pain for myocardial infarctions?
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nitroglycerin
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What is the cause for the high frequency myocardial infarction from 6:00 am to noon?
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Catecholamine sensitivity of coronary vessels is higher, vasoconstricting action
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Most common complication of early myocardial infarction?
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Dysrhythmias
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What role does myoglobin play in myocardial infarction?
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Enzyme test used to determine if there is an elevated level. Levels are elevated during first 2/3 hours of a heart attack
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Explain why anginal pain does not develop in a number of people with advanced coronary atherosclerosis?
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Pain tolerance, sedentary lifestyle, adequate collateral circulation
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Describe the cardiac conduction system.
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Specialized myocardial cells, can create and conduct impulses
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What is hypovolemic shock and what are the causes?
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Emergency condition in which severe blood and fluid loss…. causes: excessive loss of body fluids including vomiting
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What is the reason for the appearance of pale, cool, and clammy skin that is found in an individual with shock?
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Blood moves away from skin towards vital organs
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What compensatory mechanisms come into play if heart failure occurs?
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Hypertrophy, sympathetic stimulation, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
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Describe ECG graph paper. What is an ECG and what represents the ventricular depolarization on the ECG?
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Electrocardiography runs at a paper speed of 25 mm/s. once small block of ECG paper translates into .04 s. five small blocks make up 1 larger block, which translates into .20 s. electrocardiogram. Records the electrical activity of the heart. QRS wave.
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Most common initial manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathies are related to?
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Heart failure
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Describe what happens during the T, P and QRS wave of the cardiac cycle.
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T: ventricular re-polarization
P: atrial depolarization (stimulation) QRS: complex ventricular depolarization (stimulation) |
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Sympathetic stimulation causes what effects on the heart?
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Increase in rate and strength of cardiac contraction
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What is the SA node and what is its function?
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Sinoatrial node: Pacemaker of the heart: generates impulses faster than other cardiac cells
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Describe congestive heart failure.
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Inability to meet the needs of the body demand for blood
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What is the order of impulse conduction in the heart?
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SA --> AV node --> bundle of HIS --> Purkinje system
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What is the modern explanation of the mechanism of cardiac cell contraction? (which cross bridge)
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A cross bridge that is formed in between myosin and actin
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What are LDL and HDL? Which one carries cholesterol to the liver for removal?
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Low density lipoprotein, HDL (high density lipoproteins) carries cholesterol to the liver
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