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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What organs make up the urinary system?
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The urinary system is made up of 6 organs:
-2 kidneys -2 ureters -urinary bladder -urethra |
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What is gluconeogenesis?
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Gluconeogenesis is the formation of glucose from a non-carbohydrate precursor, as in the case of deamination of amino acids (body starts eating muscle) in extreme starvation.
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What is BUN?
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BUN is blood urea nitrogen.
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Where is urea produced?
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Urea is produced in the liver.
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Where is urine produced?
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Urine is produced in the kidneys.
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Explain steps of urea formation.
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Urea formation is as follows:
proteins> amino acids> NH2 removed> forms ammonia, liver converts to urea. |
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What is azotemia?
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Azotemia is elevated BUN indicating renal insufficiency and can progress to uremia.
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What is uremia?
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Uremia is complete kidney failure.
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What are functions of the kidney?
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Functions of the kidney:
-filter blood plasma -regulate osmolarity -secrete enzyme renin -secrete erythropoietin -collaborate w/lungs to regulate acid-base balance -final step in synthesizing calcitrol |
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Describe the flow of fluid form the point where glomerular filtrate is formed to the point where urine leaves the body.
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glomerular capsule> proximal convoluted tubule> nephron loop> distal convoluted tubule> collecting duct> papillary duct> minor calyx> renal pelvis> ureter> urinary bladder> urethra.
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What is the longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule?
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The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the longest and most coiled region.
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What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
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The function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is to reabsorb glucose and amino acids from glo-filtrate.
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What is the function of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)?
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The nephron loop (loop of Henle) is heavily engaged in the active transport of salts. has many mitochondria to produce ATP needed for active transport.
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What type of epithelium is in the thin segment of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)?
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The thin segment of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) has simple squamous epithelium, which is very permeable to water.
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What is the function of juxtamedullary nephrons?
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Juxtamedullary nephrons maintain the salinity gradient in the medulla and help conserve water.
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At what point does tubular fluid become urine?
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Tubular fluid becomes urine once it enters the collecting duct.
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What is glomerular filtrate?
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Glomerular filtrate is fluid in capsular space; blood plasma without protein.
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What is tubular fluid?
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Tubular fluid is fluid in the renal tubule.
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What is the origin and function of sympathetic innervation?
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Sympathetic innervation comes from the abdominal aortic plexus and reduces glomerular blood flow and rate of urine production.
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What is the origin and function of parasympathetic innervation?
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Parasympathetic innervation comes from the vagus nerve and increases urine production.
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What three factors affect passage through the filtration membrane?
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Three factors affecting flow through the filtration membrane are:
-pressure -size of solutes -charge of solutes |
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Does the basement membrane of the filtration membrane have a negative or positive charge?
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The basement membrane has a negative charge which repels albumin.
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How small does a molecule have to be to pass the filtration membrane regardless of its charge?
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Almost any molecule smaller than 3nm can pass freely through the filtration membrane regardless of its charge.
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How do kidney infections and trauma affect filtration?
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Kidney infections and trauma can damage the filtration membrane and allow albumin or blood cells to filter through.
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What is proteinuria (albuminuria)?
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Proteinuria (albuminuria) is the presence of protein in the urine.
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What is hematuria?
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Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine.
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What type of athletes often experience temporary proteinuria or hematuria?
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Distance runners and swimmers (endurance athletes) often experience temporary proteinuria or hematuria.
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What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys.
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What is the average GFR per day?
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Average GFR per day is:
180L/day for males 150L/day for females |
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What is a paracine?
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A paracrine is a hormone that only affects neighboring cells.
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What is myogenic mechanism?
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Myogenic mechanism is the tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretch.
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What is the function of renin?
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Renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
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What is the function of angiotensin-converting enzymes and where are they found?
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Angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) are found in the lungs and kidneys and convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II.
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How does angiotensin II affect the efferent arteriole?
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Angiotensin II constricts efferent arteriole raising GFR despite low blood pressure.
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Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete what?
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Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone.
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What is the function of aldosterone?
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Aldosterone promotes sodium and water reabsorption in DCT and collecting duct.
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Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete what?
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Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH.
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What is the function of ADH?
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ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) promotes water reabsorption by collecting duct, making urine more concentrated.
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How does a symport transport protein?
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Symport is a co-transporter that binds sodium and another solute such as glucose, amino acids, or lactate.
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How does a antiport transport protein?
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Antiport moves protein by exchanging molecules; pulls one in and pumps one out.
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How does angiotensin II affect blood pressure?
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Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor raising BP throughout the body except for peritubular capillaries where it is lowered to enhance reabsorption of sodium chloride and water.
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How does angiotensin II affect thirst?
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Angiotensin II stimulates thirst and water intake.
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What is normal urine output for average adult?
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Normal volume of urine output is 1-2 liters per day.
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What is polyuria?
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Polyuria is urine output in excess of 2 L/day.
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What is oliguria?
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Oliguria is urine output of less than 500 mL/day.
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What is anuria?
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Anuria is urine output of 0 to 100 mL/day.
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What is glycosuria?
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Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine.
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What particles are abnormal to find in urine?
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It is abnormal to find glucose, free hemoglobin, albumin, ketones, and bile pigments.
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What supplies blood to the medulla?
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The vasa recta provides blood supply to the medulla.
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What is a diuretic?
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A diuretic is any chemical that increases urine volume.
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What is a nonsurgical method of treating kidney stones?
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Lithotripsy is a nonsurgical technique that pulverizes stones with ultrasound.
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What is micturition?
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Micturition is the act of urinating.
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What is the detrusor muscle?
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The detrusor muscle is 3 layers of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder.
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What are rugae?
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Rugae are conspicuous wrinkles in the relaxed bladder.
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