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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pH level of blood
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7.4
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parts of the upper respiratory tract
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nostrils> vestibule> nasal cavity> pharynx> larynx.
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parts of the lower respiratory tract
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trachea> primary bronchi> lobar bronchi> segmental bronchi> bronchiole> terminal bronchiole
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parts of the respiratory division
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respiratory bronchiole> alveolar duct> atrium> alveolus.
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The respiratory system and the _____ system collaborate to regulate the body's acid base balance.
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urinary
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another name for the posterior nasal aperture
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chonae
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what are nasal fossae
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right and left halves of the nasal cavity
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what are vibrissae
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stiff guard hairs that block insects and debris from entering the nose
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what are meatus
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narrow air passage beneath each conchae
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what is the function of goblet cells in respiratory epithelium?
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secrete mucous which work with cilia to propel the mucous posteriorly toward the pharynx
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What passes through the nasopharynx and what kind of epithelium lines it?
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The nasopharynx passes only air and is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
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What passes through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx and what kind of epithelium lines it?
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The oropharynx and laryngopharynx passes air, food, and drink and is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
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What is the largest cartilage of the larynx?
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The thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) is the largest part of the larynx.
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What connects the larynx to the trachea?
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The cricoid cartilage connects the larynx to the trachea.
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What cartilages are responsible for abduction and adduction of the vocal cords?
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The corniculate and arytenoid cartilages abduct or adduct vocal cordes depending on the direction of rotation.
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What kind of epithelium lines the trachea?
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The inner lining of the trachea is a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
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Define tracheostomy.
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Tracheostomy: to make a temporary opening in the trachea inferior to the larynx and insert a tube to allow airflow.
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What is the functionally independent unit of the lung tissue?
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The bronchopulmonary segment is the functionally independent unit of the lung tissue.
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What kind of epithelium lines all bronchi?
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All bronchi are lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
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These arteries closely follow the bronchial tree on their way to the alveoli.
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Pulmonary artery branches closely follow the bronchial tree on their way to the alveoli.
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What artery services the bronchial tree with systemic blood?
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The bronchial artery services the bronchial tree with systemic blood.
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What is a pulmonary lobule?
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A pulmonary lobule is a portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole.
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Why don't bronchioles have mucous glands or goblet cells?
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Bronchioles don't have mucous glands or goblet cells because bronchioles are too narrow and would be blocked.
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What is the structure and function of squamous (type I) alveolar cells?
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Squamous (type I) alveolar cells are thin, broad cells that allow for rapid gas diffusion between alveolus and bloodstream.
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What is the structure and function of great (type II) alveolar cells?
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Great (type II) alveolar cells are round to cuboidal cells that (1)repair alveolar epithelium when the squamous (type I) cells are damaged and (2) secrete pulmonary surfactant.
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What is the most numerous of all cells in the lung?
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Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) are the most numerous of all cells in the lung.
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What percentage of alveolar surface is made up of squamous (type I) cells?
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95% of alveolar surface is made up of squamous (type I) cells.
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What percentage of alveolar surface is made up of great (type II) cells?
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5% of alveolar surface is made up of great (type II) cells.
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Each alveolus is surrounded by a basked of blood supplied by _____ ?
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Each alveolus is surrounded by a basked of blood supplied by the PULMONARY ARTERY.
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What are the functions of pleural fluid?
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Functions of pleural fluid:
-reduce friction. -create pressure gradient. -compartmentalization (prevents spread of infection from one organ in the mediastiunum to others). |
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What muscle is the prime mover of respiration?
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The diaphragm muscle is the prime mover of respiration.
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What muscles are synergists to the diaphragm?
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The scalenes and internal and external intercostal muscles are synergists to the diaphragm.
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What is responsible for neural control of breathing?
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Neurons in the medulla oblongata and pons control unconscious breathing.
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What is eupnea?
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Eupnea is quiet breathing.
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What is normal respiratory rhythm?
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Normal respiratory rhythm is 12 breaths per minute.
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What are the three brainstem respiratory centers?
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the three brainstem respiratory centers are:
-ventral respiratory group (VRG). -dorsal respiratory group (DRG). -pontine respiratory group (PRG). |
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What is hyperventilation?
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Hyperventilation is expulsion of CO2 from the body faster than it is produced, resulting in elevated blood pH causing cerebral arteries to constrict reducing cerebral perfusion which may cause dizziness or fainting.
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What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?
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Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mm Hg.
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What is Boyle's Law?
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Boyle's Law: at a constant temperature, the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to volume.
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What is Charles's Law?
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Charles's Law: the given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. (Inhaled volume of 500mL will expand to 536mL).
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What are three factors influencing resistance to airflow?
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Three factors influencing airway resistance are:
1) diameter of the bronchioles. 2) pulmonary compliance. 3) surface tension of the alveoli and distal bronchioles. |
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What is vital capacity?
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Vital capacity is the total amount of air that can be inhaled then exhaled with maximum effort.
-VC= ERV + TV + IRV (4700 mL) |
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What is apnea?
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Apnea is temporary cessation of breathing.
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What is dyspnea?
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Dyspnea is labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath.
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What is Hyperpnea?
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Hyperpnea is increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions.
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What is Hyperventilation?
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Hyperventilation is increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand.
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What is hypoventilation?
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Hypoventilation is reduced pulmonary ventilation.
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What is Kussmaul respiration?
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Kussmaul respiration is deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis.
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What is orthopnea?
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Orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down.
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What is respiratory arrest?
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Respiratory arrest is permanent cessation of breathing.
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What is tachypnea?
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Tachypnea is accelerated respiration.
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What is Dalton's Law?
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Dalton's Law: the total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gasses.
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What percentage of air is nitrogen?
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Nitrogen makes up 78.6% of air.
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How do pulmonary edema and pneumonia affect gas exchange?
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Pulmonary edema and pneumonia cause thickening of respiratory membrane which increases travel distance between blood and air; cannot equilibrate fast enough to keep up with blood flow.
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What part does bicarbonate ion play in gas transport?
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Bicarbonate ion (not carbonate because carbonate is not soluble) is responsible for 70% of carbon dioxide transport.
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What is carboxyhemoglobin?
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Carboxyhemoglobin is carbon monoxide binding to ferrous iron of hemoglobin (binds 210 times as tightly as oxygen; 0.2% carbon monoxide is quickly lethal).
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