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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a G- aerobic cocci?
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Neisseria (Beta proteobacteria)
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What do you need to grow Neisseria?
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candle jar: likes CO2
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Describe Neisseria?
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G- aerobic diplococci
found on mucous membranes of mammals |
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What can Neisseria meningitidis cause
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N. meningitidis causes meningitis: transmitted by air
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What are signs of meningitis?
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headache high fever and stiff neck
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Who is likely to get meningitis?
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college students and military (stress and immunocompromised)
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What is the vaccine for neisseria?
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capsules
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What does N. gonorrhoeae cause?
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gonorrhea
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What are signs of gonorrhea?
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pus containing dishcharge from the urethra w/ an acute case of gonorrhea, painful urination
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Do you gain immunity once you have gonorrhea?
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no
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What is very fragile outside of the host?
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gonorrhea
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What is the 2nd most common bacteria STD in the US?
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gonorrhea
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What is a G- aerobic rod?
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pseudomonas
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What is pseudomonas?
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G- aerobic stright rod with polar single flagellum or multiple flagella
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What are some characteristics of pseudomonas?
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free living, animal or plant pathogens
important decomposers (produce unusual enzymes to break down various chemicals, disinfectants, antibiotics) bioremediation resistance to antibiotics (special efflux pump to pump out antibiotics from the cell) some are psychrotroph: decompose refrigerated food reduce nitrate to N2 gas: loss of important introgen in fertilizer or soil |
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What is P. aeruginosa?
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opportunistic pathogen
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What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
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opportunistic pathogen: healthy individuals may not get, may be in immunocompromised, wounded, or stressed
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Why do P. aeruginosa infection sites appear green?
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produce green pigment (pyocyanin) water soluble
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What is Burkholderia?
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B proteobacteria
used to be pseudomonas G- aerobic rod with single or multiple flagella at one end Can degrade a variety of chemicals Resists chemical treatment involved in cystic fibrosis |
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What is involved in cystic fibrosis?
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burkholderia
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What is Legionella pneumonphila?
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can grow in water
spread through water mist, aerosol causes Legionnaire's disease (respiratory infection- pneumonia) |
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What is Legionaire's disease?
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respiratory infection: pneumonia
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What grows in water?
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Legionella pneumonophila
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What medium must you use to grow Legionella pneumophilia?
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charcoal and antibiotics
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What causes whooping cough?
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Bordetella Pertussis
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What is bordetella pertussis?
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G- aerobic rod; flagella stain
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What is pertussis?
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whooping cough: difficult to stop coughing and get air; coughing spasms with a whooping sound following trying to catch breath
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How long can whooping cough?
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3 weeks to 2 months
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What can pertussis do?
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can damage cilia of trachea: mucous can't move and is trapped: even with antibiotics, cilia still take weeks to months to repair
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What is the vaccine for whooping cough
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DTP vaccine
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What are 5 facultative anaerobic G- rods?
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Escherichia coli
Salmonella Shigella Vibrio Haemophilus |
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What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
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opportunistic pathogen: healthy individuals may not get, may be in immunocompromised, wounded, or stressed
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Why do P. aeruginosa infection sites appear green?
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produce green pigment (pyocyanin) water soluble
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What is Burkholderia?
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B proteobacteria
used to be pseudomonas G- aerobic rod with single or multiple flagella at one end Can degrade a variety of chemicals Resists chemical treatment involved in cystic fibrosis |
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What is involved in cystic fibrosis?
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burkholderia
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What is Legionella pneumonphila?
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can grow in water
spread through water mist, aerosol causes Legionnaire's disease (respiratory infection- pneumonia) |
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What is Legionaire's disease?
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respiratory infection: pneumonia
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What grows in water?
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Legionella pneumonophila
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What medium must you use to grow Legionella pneumophilia?
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charcoal and antibiotics
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What causes whooping cough?
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Bordetella Pertussis
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What is bordetella pertussis?
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G- aerobic rod; flagella stain
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What is pertussis?
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whooping cough: difficult to stop coughing and get air; coughing spasms with a whooping sound following trying to catch breath
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How long can whooping cough?
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3 weeks to 2 months
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What can pertussis do?
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can damage cilia of trachea: mucous can't move and is trapped: even with antibiotics, cilia still take weeks to months to repair
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What is the vaccine for whooping cough
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DTP vaccine
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What are 5 facultative anaerobic G- rods?
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Escherichia coli
Salmonella Shigella Vibrio Haemophilus |
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What is a G- facultative anaerobic rod?
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E coli
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What does E coli O157 H7 do?
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can cause diarrhea, kidney failure, death
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What is food poisoning?
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S. aureus, botulism
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What is a common inhabitant of intestinal tract in animals and humans
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E coli
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What is a fecal indicator
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E coli
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What is used to monitor fecal pollution in water
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E coli
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HOw many strains of E coli are pathogens
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some
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What is E coli important for?
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science research and genetic engineering
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What is a food infection
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Salmonella
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How many members of salmonella are pathogens?
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Salmonella
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What causes typhoid fever?
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Salmonella typhi
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What causes gastroenteritis (salmonellosis)
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Salmonella enterica
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What has over 2000 serovars
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S. enterica
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What is a single species with many serovar
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S. enterica
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Is typhoid fever curable?
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yes with antibiotics
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Is there a such thing as nonpathogenic salmonella?
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no
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What causes bloody diarrhea?
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Shigella
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What is bacillary dysentery?
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Shigella: bloody diarrhea
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What does Shigella do?
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infect humans and other primates: invasive
invades intestinal lining |
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What causes bubonic plague/Black death?
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Yersinia pestis
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What is a reservoir for Yersinia pestis?
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rodents
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What transmits Yersinia pestis?
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flea (rat and human flea)
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What happens with Yersinia pestis:
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rat flea infects h uman: spreads to lung: becomes airborne and spreads to another human by air
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What are swelled lymph nodes?
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buboes
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What does Vibrio cholerae cause?
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cholera
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What is Vibrio cholerae?
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G- curved rod, polar flagellum
waterborne cause watery diarrhea |
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What occurs with Vibrio cholerae/ cholera?
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can lose 3-4 gallons of water a day
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How do they treat cholera?
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antibiotics
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What does Haemophilus cause?
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H. influenza and H. ducreyi
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What is H. influenza?
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children meningitis
can be prevented by Hib vaccine (type B most common) |
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What does H. ducreyi cause?
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chancroid (soft chancre) STD
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What is an anaerobic G- rods?
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bacteroides
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What is found in intestinal, genital tracts, oral cavity that can cause a wound infection?
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bacteriodes
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What is bacteroides?
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opportunistic infection
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What are 3 characteristics of obligate intracellular parasites?
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cannot grow on artificial medium
can be cultivated in lab. animals, cell culture, yolk sace of chicken embryo has to grow inside cell |
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What are 3 obligate intracellular parasites?
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Rickettsia (alpha proteobacteria)
Coxiella Chlamydia |
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Can you see Rickettsia without an electron microgram?
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no
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What is Rickettsia?
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small G- rod;
obligate intracellular parasites; requires vectors for transmission; die rapidly outside host |
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What is R. rickettsii?
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rocky mountain spotted fever transmitted by ticks
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What are signs of R. rickettsii?
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typical skin lesions such as damaged blood vessels that causes leakage of blood
start w/ extremities and move to trunk need antibiotics for tx |
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What does Coxiella burnetii cause?
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Q fever
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What is Coxiella burnetti?
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obligate intracellular parasite that can be transmitted by vector, milk, and aerosol
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What causes Q fever and produces spores?
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Coxiella burnetii
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What is Chlamydia?
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obligate intracellular parasite, small cocci, unusual life cycle
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What are the 2 parts of chlamydia?
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elementary body and reticulate body
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What is a small dense body with rigid cell wall that is resistant to env't outside host?
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elementary body of chlamydia
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What is the infectious form of chlamydia?
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elementary body
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What is large body with flexible cell wall that forms inside the host cell and cannot survive oustide the host cell?
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reticulate body of chlamydia
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What is the noninfectious form of chlamydia?
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reticulate body
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How does the chlamydia reticulate body muliply
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binary fission
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What is the body of chlamydia while changing
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intermediate body
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What is the life cycle of the chlamydia bacterium
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1. EB attaches to a specific host cell receptor
2. endocytosis (induced by EB) 3. EB--> RB in 10 h 4. In the next 20 hours, RB replicates 5. RBs--> EBs 6. EBs released by exocytosis or cytolysis |
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What causes a variety of diseases?
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C. trachomatis
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What is an eye infection?
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Trachoma
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What is non-gonococcal urethritis caused by?
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STD caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
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What is lymphogranuloma venereum caused by?
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STD caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
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What is the leading cause of preventable blindness?
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C. trachomatis- Trachoma
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How do you treat trachoma?
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antibiotics
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What does lymphogranuloma venerum cause?
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obstruction of lymph nodes
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How do you fix lymphogranuloma venereum in females?
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surgical correction
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What are 2 spirochetes?
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Treponema palladium
Borrelia burgdorferi |
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What are spirochetes?
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helical, soft spiral shaped
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What does Treponema palladium cause?
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syphillis
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What does Borrelia burgdorferi cause?
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lyme disease
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What are some characteristics of spirochetes?
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multilayer outer sheath, special flagellum: axial filaments/endoflagella, both ends and wrap around the cell
allows it to rotate like a corkscrew and move through a thick env't such as sludge or body fluid |
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Where are axial filaments of spirochete
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outer sheath
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What do axial filaments do?
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attach to one pole and wound around cylinder
used for motility |
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Where are free living saprophytes/ spirochetes found?
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mud, sewage
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What do you use to observe Treponema palladium?
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darkfield microscope because they do not stain well
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What is syphilis
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STD caused by treponema pallidium
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What is shown by primary syphilis?
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hard chancroids
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What is the 3rd most common bacterial STD in US
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syphilis
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Do you get long lasting immunity of syphilis
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no
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What occurs with syphilis
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primary symptoms go away and return in a few weeks as secondary and cover the WHOLE body including skin and organs
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HOw do you treat syphilis
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antibiotics
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What are 2 spirochetes?
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Treponema palladium
Borrelia burgdorferi |
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What are spirochetes?
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helical, soft spiral shaped
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What does Treponema palladium cause?
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syphillis
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What does Borrelia burgdorferi cause?
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lyme disease
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What are some characteristics of spirochetes?
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multilayer outer sheath, special flagellum: axial filaments/endoflagella, both ends and wrap around the cell
allows it to rotate like a corkscrew and move through a thick env't such as sludge or body fluid |
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Where are axial filaments of spirochete
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outer sheath
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What do axial filaments do?
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attach to one pole and wound around cylinder
used for motility |
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Where are free living saprophytes/ spirochetes found?
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mud, sewage
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What do you use to observe Treponema palladium?
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darkfield microscope because they do not stain well
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What is syphilis
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STD caused by treponema pallidium
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What is shown by primary syphilis?
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hard chancroids
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What is the 3rd most common bacterial STD in US
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syphilis
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Do you get long lasting immunity of syphilis
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no
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What occurs with syphilis
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primary symptoms go away and return in a few weeks as secondary and cover the WHOLE body including skin and organs
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HOw do you treat syphilis
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antibiotics
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What is gumma
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tertiary syphilis
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What can gumma do
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occur in brain or on body can return after many years from syphilis
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What do you use to stain borrelia
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flourescent stain
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What is tick borne and caused by B. burgdorferi?
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lyme disease
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What are the 2 most important reservoirs for lyme disease?
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white tailed deer and mice
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What is a typical symptom of lyme disease
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bulls eye lesion
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Why should you get abx right away for lyme disease
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because it can become systemic and cause damage
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What is microaerophilic, motile, curved rods?
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curved rigid rod with polar flagella
Campylobacter Helicobacter |
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What is a microaerophile with a single polar flagella?
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Campylobacter
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What is a microaerophile with multiple polar flagella?
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Helicobacter
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What does Campylobacter jejuni cause?
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enteritis
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Where is Campylobacter jejuni found?
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in animal products such as poultry meat, raw milk, beef, pork
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What does C. jejuni cause?
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vomiting and diarrhea
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How do you grow C. jejuni?
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special isolation
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What does Helicobacter pylori cause?
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stomach ulcer
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What does H. pylori do?
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uses urease to produce ammonia which neutralizes stomach acid and damage mucous layer
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What does ammonia do?
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cause inflammation
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What does urease do?
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break down urea into CO2 and ammonia
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How are many ulcers treated?
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antibiotics
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