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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are macronutrients, and which elements fall into this group?
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Macronutrients make up more than .1% dry weight of a plant. CHOPKNSCaFeMg is how you should remember it
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what are micronutrients, and which elements fall into this group?
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micronutrients make up less that .1% dry weight of a plant. Cl, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Cu, Ni, Mo (goood luck with that)
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What elements show deficiency symptoms in the lower parts of a plant?
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N, K, Mg++
Called Mobile Elements |
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What elements show deficiency symptoms in the upper part of a plant?
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Ca++, Na++, Cu++
Called Immobile Elements (stuck in cell wall) |
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What is the largest cause of good soil becoming un-nutritious?
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increase in acidity, which causes too many H+ in the soil. H+ takes place of the ++ cations in absorbed soil
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Where does nutrient uptake occur in roots?
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"zone of maturation" - area just above growing root tip (where root hairs are)
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How do roots make ion uptake favorable? What routes are available for ions?
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Proton pumps on PM make outside PM (+) and inside (-). Anions (-) come across via co-transporters. Cations (+) go through channels due to hyper-polarization.
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What helps provide P and N to plants?
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Mycorrhizal Fungi
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undifferentiated tissue is called
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cambium
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cambium is
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undifferentiated tissue
forms sheaths in vascular tissue grows girthways |
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what are the undifferentiated cells in roots called?
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pericycle
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what is pericycle?
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undifferentiated cells in roots
makes branched roots |
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apoplast
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the area outside of a PM
"apart" |
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symplast
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area inside of the plasma membrane
symbiotic |
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organ system names
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root system
shoot system |
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plant organs
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leaves
stems roots buds tips |
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plant tissue systems
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epidermal
ground vascular |
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plant tissues
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epidermis
ground xylem phloem |
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cell types
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epidermal cells
ground cells parenchyma Sclerenchyma |
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key parts of a plant
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vacuoles
cell wall chloroplasts plasmodesmata |
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plasmodesmata
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connects adjacent cells through semi permeable membranes (only water allowed through)
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What is special about the molecules plants use?
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they synthesize all of them
nucleotides, amino acids, oils, cofactors, vitamins, minerals, hormones, etc |
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immobile elements symptoms
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iron, calcium, sodium, copper
tied up in old leaves, new leaves show the damage |
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mobile element symptoms
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Nitrogen, potassium, manganese
able to move to new growth areas easily, so older leaves show damage |
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why is acidic soil bad?
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It means that there are alot of H+ in the soil, so they take the place of (+) cations on (-) charged soil.
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what keeps too many ions from entering the roots?
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casparian strip - waxy stopping points. gets in the way of apoplast transport
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nerst equation
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log (Ko/Ki)
needs to be less than -116mV for potassium to be pulled in |
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how are ions generally pulled into the symplast?
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proton pump pushes H+ to outside of cell
outside of cell is acidic k+ comes in through potential ions like Cl- come in through cotransporters (with H+) |
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roots and fungi system
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roots surrounded by myrorrhizae fungi. they fix nitrogen and phosphorus for plants, get sucrose in return
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how to fungi fix nitrogen?
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takes N2 from the air and turns it into 2NH3 + H2 using nitrogenase
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what inhibits nitrogenase?
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oxygen competitively inhibits
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steps of rhyzobia going into roots
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root hairs release flavenoid - attracts certain rhyzobia
bacteria release nod factors in response root hairs envaginate infection thread gos to cortex swells and bursts cortex tumor is formed |
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how to stop O2 from interfering with nitrogenase?
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plants send down leghimoglobin to bind to O2 - sent to ETC
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etiolated
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long and tall plants
happens when there is lack of red light too much far red light Pfr is transformed |
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germination steps for seeds
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abscisic acid must be degraded/washed away
imbibition - placed in h2o Gibberellian diffuses to aleurone GA interacts w/ aleurone -> makes transcription for growth start some require red light to start |
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what photoreceptor starts germination?
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phytochrome red is hit and turns into phytochrome far red, which causes germination
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What photoreceptor can stop germination?
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when photoreceptor far red is hit, changes to photoreceptor red and stops germination
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how does auxin move through a plant?
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moves from apical meristem down through the plant via parenchyma cells
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what photoreceptor inhibits stem growth?
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cryptochrome (blue light receptor)
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what causes leaves to move up during the day and down during the night?
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pulvinus - bottom swells during day to lift leave, top swells during night to droop leave
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bundle sheathes favor which type of photosynthesis?
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they favor photosynthesis 1 because it does not create O2, which would interfere with RUBISCO
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Crassulan acid metabolism
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at night malate pumped into vacuoles, so CO2 defficient -> makes stomates open and take up CO2
during day malate is released from vacuoles, so [CO2] is high and stomates close |
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primary plant defenses
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cuticle wax
thorns and spines secondary metabolites (THC, nicotine) |
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how is the hypersensitive response initiated?
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pathogen AVR product matches up with plant R product
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what happens when hypersensitive response is triggered?
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NO, reactive oxygen, and superoxide
host cell undergoes apoptosis signals with slicylic acid to make proteinase inhibitors |
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what happens when a cell is damaged by a herbivore?
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membrane depolarization occurs
systemin can be created -jasmonic acid can be created *repels herbivores with smell *can signal other closeby plants to defend themselves *creates proteinase |
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short day plants are inhibited by what?
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red light, if introduced during the middle of the night, stops growth of flowers
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