Biol 212- Unit 2: Plant Cells

Front 1

Which organelles are unique to plant cells?

Back 1

1. chloroplasts

2. tonoplasts (central vacoule membrane)

3. peroxisome

Front 2

What is the nucleus?

Back 2

1. it is a double nuclear membrane that is contiguous with rER. (allows nuclear membrane to be pulled back into ER during mitosis)

2. space between the nuclear membrane's is continous with rER space.

Front 3

function of nuclear pores and where are they located?

Back 3

the nucelar pore dot the surface of the nucleus and they regulate waht moves in and out of the nucleus

Front 4

What stuff are allowed to be transported out from the nucleus?

Back 4

1. rRNA

2. nRNA

3. tRNA

4. cell signal molecules

Front 5

transcrition:

Back 5

making RNA occurs in the cell nucleus

Front 6

Translaltion:

Back 6

occurs in the cytoplasm

the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Front 7

What stuff are allowed into the nucleus?

Back 7

1. polumerase and other enzymes

2. second messenger molecules

Front 8

What stuff is kept in the nucleus?

Back 8

1. chromosomes

2. histone proteins

3. transcriptions factors, etc.

Front 9

what is the nuclear lamina?

Back 9

a protein scaffold that supports the nuclear membrane (located underneath the membrane)

Front 10

What system is the nucleus part of?

Back 10

the endomembrane system which is a functional system taht is internal and all connected.

Front 11

What are the functions of the nucleus?

Back 11

1. valut: retains/ protects chromosomes from reactive chemicals of cytoplasm such as oxidation phosphoralation.

2. site of nuclear transcription and regulation of transcription.

3. site of DNA replication and storage

4. site of mitosis and cytokinesis

5. nuclear transport

Front 12

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 12

1. a system of membrane channels and sacs

2. is part of the endomembrane system

Front 13

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 13

1. rough endoplasmic reticulum (50% of total membrane)

2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (which is much of the rest membrane)

Front 14

rough endoplasmic reticulum:

Back 14

1. is directly attached to the nucleus

2. has ribosomes which give it its rough characteristic

3. has a pancake- like morphology

Front 15

What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 15

1. translation of processed mRNA (on the surface)

2. production and modification of proteins (in the lumen)

3. synthesis of lipids (in the lumen)

Front 16

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 16

1. is attached to the rER and more peripheral (closer to the membrane)

2. there is no ribosomes

3. more tubular in form

Front 17

Functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

Back 17

1. transport of proteins to Golgi via transport vesicles that bud off sER (on the surface)... bridge from the synthesis to Golgi

2. modification of proteins: add prosthetic groups (mostly metals.. added after proteins are made), carbohydrates, cleaves into smaller peptides, form tertiary structures (in the lumen)

3. provides spaces for reactions that require environments different than that in the cytoplasm (in the lumen)

Front 18

Golgi:

Back 18

1. stack of membrane bound sacs

2. cis face: receives transport vesicles with proteins for modification and sorting (recieve vesicles from sER)

3. trans face: forms vesicles containing modified proteins for transport to plasma membrane or form lysosomes

4. part of the endomembrane system

** shipping, modifying, distribution center ***

Front 19

Vesicles:

Back 19

1. there are many types

2. they are membrane bound

3. bud from: the ER (transport vesicles), plasma membrane (endosomes), golgi (most others)

4. guided to destination by snare proteins of the vesicle membrane (specific to a certain protein)

Front 20

some type of vesicles:

Back 20

1. lysosome

2. endosome

3. secretory vesciles

4. transport vesciles

Front 21

lysosomes:

Back 21

Golgi derived, sacs of digestive enzymes in cytoplasm, combine with endosomes or aging organeles to destroy and recyle

Front 22

endosome:

Back 22

invaginated from plasma membrane to bring in by endocytosis (RME), specific compounds or things to be destroyed for food or safety of the cell (bacteria),

Front 23

can plants carry out phagocytosis or pinocytosis? why?

Back 23

no because of cell wall

Front 24

secretory vesicles:

Back 24

golgi derived, carry protein hormones, digestive enzymes, or other signal chemistry to be secreted outside the cell by exocytosis

Front 25

transport vesicles:

Back 25

are within the cytoplasm

Front 26

Mitochondria:

Back 26

1. consists of double membrane bound sacs

2. many are scattered in the cytoplasm

3. contains its own chromosomes, ribosomes

4. power house of the cell

5. is the site of:
- the krebs cycle (matrix)
- ETS (inner membrane) which makes chemiosmotic potential (intermembrane space)
- ATPase to use to make ATP

Front 27

cytoskeleton:

Back 27

1. at least 3 separate proteins make up scaffolds and have many different functions
- actin
- microtubules
- intermediate filaments

2. all are very important in cellular functions

Front 28

actin:

Back 28

pushes out plasma membrane allowing ameboid movement, maintains or changes cellular shape

Front 29

microtubles:

Back 29

flagella, cilia, highways for organelle and vacuolar movement inside cell, chromosome movement in mitosis

Front 30

intermediate filaments:

Back 30

nuclear lamina, cell shape

Front 31

which organelles are specific to plant cells?

Back 31

1. chloroplasts

2. tonoplast membrane of central vacuole

3. plant cell wall

4. peroxisome

Front 32

Tonoplast:

Back 32

1. the largest organelle in living plant cells

2. pushes most of other organelles to periphery of cell

3. bilayer membrane sac

4. part of endomembrane system

Front 33

Functions of the tonoplast:

Back 33

1. dynamic storage site (water storage site)

2. main storage site for water in cell (necessary since the plant cant move when it rains)

3. plants can use the internal pressure of water (tugor pressure) to put pressure on cell wall during growth (hydrostatic jack) [ helps to make cell larger]

4. storage for dissolved ions (K+, Cl-, Na+, etc)

5. storage site for proteins or metabolic by products that would be destructive in cytoplasm

6. storage site for pigments other than chlorophyll (which is in the chloroplast)

Front 34

Cell Wall:

Back 34

1. are found in all plant cells [ within plants they are momphyletic (one evolutionary development) but compared to everything it is multiphyletic.

2. are thick and complex and made of layers of cellulose fibers [beta-1-4-glucose (very though to break, very strong)], and proteins

3. multiple layers are at angles to each other

4. the middle lamella between them holds the cell together

5. consist of primary cell wall and secondary cell wall which is laid down later in the secondary growth phase.

Front 35

Function of cell wall:

Back 35

1. gives cell shape

2. rigidity

3. physical protection

4. retains cell membrane intact under high hydrostatic pressure ( like a cage retaining the central vacoule from bursting)

Front 36

Peroxisome:

Back 36

1. specialized metabolic compartment

2. found in most cells but functions vary widely

3. variety of oxidizing reactions occur here. (the place to carry out dangerous reactions)

Front 37

function of peroxisome:

Back 37

1. catabolize fatty acids by beta-oxidation to make acetate (Co-A) for energy

2. also can anabolize fatty acids into sugars in fat storing seeds (glyoxysome)

3. has detoxifying functions such as breaking down alcohols in liver, breaking down other toxic compounds in plants. [ usually done by adding electrons and protons to toxic cheicals to make peroxide which is poisonous. peroxide is broken down by perodidase in the perodisome]

Front 38

What is beta-oxidation:

Back 38

is the clipping off of two carbons at a time making acetate (Co-A) and sent off to the kreb cycle.