Biol 211 - Lab Final

Front 1

Cell Cycle

Back 1

all of the events that occur from the time that a cell is formed to when it divides

Front 2

Interphase

Back 2

the cell grows in size by synthesizing new organelles (G1). It replicates genetic material (S). It produces enzymes and structures that are needed to undergo cell division (G2).

Front 3

Mitotic phase

Back 3

consist of 2 processes

Front 4

Karyokinesis

Back 4

is the process where the nuclear material divides and results in 2 daughter nuclei that have the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parental nucleus.

Front 5

Cytokinesis

Back 5

separates cytoplasm resulting in the formation of 2 daughter cells.

Front 6

Cleave furrow

Back 6

pinching off the cytoplasm. Microfilaments

Front 7

Cell Plate

Back 7

used to divide the cytoplasm for plant cells. Cellulose, vesicles from golgi apparatus. Plant cells do not have asters

Front 8

Asters

Back 8

mictrotubule that radiate out from the ends of the spindle apparatus found in animal cells undergoing cell division.

Front 9

Mitosis

Back 9

cell division (for growth, replacement and repair) 2n => 2n n=>n clones haploid/diploid – sets of chromosomes PMAT

Front 10

Cells Used

Back 10

Whitefish embryo, onion root cell

Front 11

Meiosis

Back 11

used to make gametes (animals) plants make it through mitosis (reduction division) 2n => n

Front 12

Traits

Back 12

determined by particular factors (genes) and these factors in an individual occurs in pairs (one for each parent)

Front 13

Mendel’s 1st law of segregation

Back 13

when gametes are created, these factors segregate or separate so that only one member of each pair of genes is contained within a particular cell or gamete.

Front 14

Mendel’s 2nd law of independent assortment

Back 14

factors for one trait segregate independently from factors for other traits (one factor did not influence the others)

Front 15

Chromosomes

Back 15

hereditary information an individual is found on threadlike DNA structures

Front 16

Genes

Back 16

- contain information for the different traits that make up an individual located in segments of DNA

Front 17

Allele

Back 17

each member of a gene pair and may occur in alternate states.

Front 18

Kinds of alleles

Back 18

Dominant (H) recessive (h) homozygous (HH or hh) heterozygous (Hh)

Front 19

Genotype

Back 19

genetic information found on alleles

Front 20

Phenotype

Back 20

physical expression of the genetic information

Front 21

Multiple allelic traits

Back 21

traits with more than two alternate forms of alleles

Front 22

Co-dominant

Back 22

traits may have two alternate alleles that are expressed simultaneously with both being equal in their dominance to each other

Front 23

Antigens

Back 23

molecules that elicit an immune response on the surface of the red blood cells erythrocytes

Front 24

Type A (antigen)

Back 24

antigen A on rbcs

Front 25

Type B (antigen)

Back 25

antigen B on rbs

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Type AB (antigen)

Back 26

both antigen A and antigen B

Front 27

Type O(antigen)

Back 27

- lack of antigen A and antigen B

Front 28

Antibodies

Back 28

to mark antigens that are not found on their erythrocytes for elimination

Front 29

Type A (antibodies)

Back 29

makes anti-B antibodies

Front 30

Type B (antibodies)

Back 30

makes anti-A antibodies

Front 31

types of traits in lab

Back 31

Complete Dominance
incomplete dominance
lethal alleles
x-linked inheritance
dihybrid cross
epipstasis
polygenic inheritance

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Type AB (antibodies)

Back 32

neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies

Front 33

Type O (antibodies)

Back 33

both anti-A or anti-B antibodies

Front 34

Antiserum

Back 34

agglutinins. Clumping (agglutination)

Front 35

Thin layer chromatography

Back 35

technique used for chemical separation and analysis of multiple component mixtures

Front 36

2 types of thin layer chromatography

Back 36

Paper Chromatography (uses absorbent paper), while the other utilized a layer of solid absorbent on a glass plate

Front 37

Paper Chromatography

Back 37

samples containing different molecular components are placed on specially treated paper (the stationary phase) and puts into a container with solvent (the moving phase)

Front 38

Absorption coefficient

Back 38

the affinity for a component to be absorbed

Front 39

Solubility product constant

Back 39

varying affinities or solubility in different solvents and therefore each has a charateristic velocity relative to th solvent.

Front 40

Single Phase System/Double Phase System

Back 40

one solvent (H2O and ethanol).. two solvents (H2O + ethanol)

Front 41

Electrophoresis

Back 41

Proteins and nucleic acids usually have a net positive or negative charge that reflects the mixture of charged amino acids or nucleotides they contain. If an electric field is applied to a solution containing these molecules, they will migrate at a rate that depends on its net charge, its size, and its shape.

Front 42

Electrophoresis ingredients

Back 42

agarose gels, comb

Front 43

Stationary Phase

Back 43

Paper

Front 44

Moving Phase

Back 44

Solvent

Front 45

Solvents used for chromatography

Back 45

Water, Ethanol, Hexane/Methanol

Front 46

If the substance went far

Back 46

it has high absorption coefficient/low affinity for solvent

Front 47

if substance went far

Back 47

it has low absorption coefficient/high solubility product constant

Front 48

Chloroplast pigments

Back 48

yellow carotenes, yellow-orange xanthrophylls, bluish green chlorophyll a, yellow-green chlorophyll b

Front 49

Genetic profile/DNA fingerprint

Back 49

unique sequence of DNA

Front 50

junk dna/non coding regions

Back 50

used to haev no purpose - found out for cellular metabolism/gene expression

Front 51

Polymorphism

Back 51

DNA are polymorphs, meaning that every individual has different DNA sequence unless you have an identical sibling

Front 52

Restricition Fragment Length Polymorphis (RFLPs)

Back 52

used for DNA fingerprinting, noncoding regions from individuals cut at specific locations by using restricting enzymes

Front 53

Phosphodiester Bond

Back 53

connects nucleotides in DNA

Front 54

Recognition site

Back 54

example: GAATTC

Front 55

DNA samples are placed....

Back 55

on the negative side

Front 56

How many restricting enzymes needed

Back 56

more than one for accuracy

Front 57

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Back 57

allows specific chromosome locations to be targeted and copies of the targeted DNA made

Front 58

Short Tandem Repeats (STR)

Back 58

used in DNA analysis, now called DNA profile. tagged with fluorescent dyes and pointed at lasers. Peaks shown by computer if repeated bases.

Front 59

STR Profile

Back 59

If there are two peaks, it means it is heterozygoes at that location, one peak = homozygous.

Front 60

STR Profile continued

Back 60

The numbers below the peak are person's genotype - number means how many times repeated. Letter and number above is the location.

Front 61

Two STR groups

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Group 1 contains 9 STR loci plus one used for gender (AML). Group 2 contains 4 more STR sites, plus AML, and 2 STR sites from group 1 as control to ensure that the same came from the same person.

Front 62

Chi-square Test

Back 62

to determine whether experimentally collected data are a satisfactory approximation of the expected data.

Front 63

Formula for Chi-square Test

Back 63

the sum of (observed-expected)^2 divided by expected number

Front 64

Analysis for Chi-square

Back 64

a small X2 value would indicate that the observed and expected ratios are in close agreement, while a large X2 value would indicated that "something unusual" had occured.