Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Firmichutes
|
Bacteria Kingdom
Basics: "low-GC Gram Positives" because cell walls react positively to Gram Stain.... Low % of guanine and cytosine in their DNA.... Over 1100 species Morphological Diversity: Rod shaped or Spherical Spherical species - form chains or tetrads (groups of 4 cells) Few species for resting stage - spore One subgroup lacks cell walls; another makes one made of cellulose Metabolic Diversity: fix nitrogen, non-oxygenic photosynthesis, make ATP via fermentation pathways, cellular respiration using hydrogen gas as an electron donor Impacts: extremely common in human gut, cause anthrax, botulism, tetanus, walking pneumonia, boils, gangrene, and strep throat Important component of soil- speeds decomposition ferment milk into yogurt/cheese |
|
|
Spirochetes
|
Bacteria Kingdom
Basics: only 62 species to date branched near the base of the bacterial tree Morphological Diversity: Unique corkscrew shape and flagella (contained within outer sheath which surrounds the cell) Metabolic Diversity: most manufacture ATP by fermentation, substrate varies; may consist of sugars, amino acids, starch or pectin Impacts: causes STD syphilis causes lime disease common in freshwater and marine habitats can live under only anaerobic conditions |
|
|
Cyanobacteria
|
Bacteria Kingdom
Basics: "blue-green algae" (not an algae) ~ 80 species; however one of the most abundant organisms on earth, dominate the surface waters of marine and freshwater environments Morphological Diversity: can be found as independent cells, in filamentous chains, or in colonies (which vary from flat sheet shape to ball-like clusters) Metabolic Diversity: ALL perform oxygenic photosynthesis, many also fix nitrogen. can synthesize virtually any molecule needed Impacts: their waste can make drinking water smell bad, some release microcystins that are toxic to plants and animals, responsible for origin of oxygen atmosphere some species form lichens with fungi |
|
|
Chlamydiales
|
Bacteria Kingdom
Basics: - only 13 species known of, may be smallest (all Gram-neg.) Morphological Diversity: Tiny (even for bacteria) and sphereical Metabolic Diversity: - parasitic and are termed Endosymbionts, derive almost all nutrients from host. Impacts: causes chlamydia STD, cause of blindness and UTIs. |
|
|
Proteobacteria
|
Bacteria Kingdom
Basics: ~ 1200 species; 5 major subgroups alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon - diverse in morphology and metabolism (dont try to distinguish too much, its a catch all category) Morphological Diversity: - rods, spheres, or spirals - can form stalks, some are motile, can form colonies that can transform into fruiting bodies Metabolic Diversity: every way known to bacteria - NONE that perform oxygenic photosynthesis Impacts: |
|
|
Crenarchaeota
|
Archaea
Basics: 37 species known to date, thousands are yet to be discovered Morphological Diversity: - filamentous, rod shaped, disk shaped or spheres - one species lives in thermophilic conditions and has a tough cell wall of only glycoprotein Metabolic Diversity: - cellular respiration involving organic compounds, sulfur, hydrogen gas, ammonia, iron (II) ions as electron donors and oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, sulfur, CO2, or iron (III) ions as electron acceptors - some make ATP via fermentation pathways Impacts: only life form present in extreme conditions |
|
|
Euryarchaeota
|
Archaea
Basics: ~ live in all environments Morphological Diversity: - can be spherical, filamentous, rod shaped, disk shaped or spiral - some species have several flagella - some lack a cell wall, some have cell walls made of glycoproteins Metabolic Diversity: - some are methane producing - can use up to 11 organic cmpnds as electron acceptors during cellular respiration producing methane - can use molecule retinal to capture light energy and perform photosynthesis Impacts: produce acids that pollute streams methanogens live in soils of swamps and guts of mammals |
|
|
Diplomonadida
|
Protista
Basics: ~100 species to date - live in guts of animals with no harm - live in stagnant water habitats Morphological Diversity: - each cell has 2 nuclei, 8 flagella (4 for each) - no cell wall in any - some lack peroxisomes, lysosomes and mitochondria Feeding and Locomotion: some are parasitic, most ingest bacteria whole. use flagella for movement Reprodcution: only asexual; meiosis yet to be observed Impacts: causes giardiasis or "beaver fever" in humans. infests turkeys |
|
|
Apicomplexa
|
Protista
Basics: ~5000 known species - all parasitic - cause malaria Morphological Diversity: apical complex - system of oraganelles which allows them to penetrate plasma membrane of host - chloroplast-derived, nonphotosynthetic organelle with 4 membranes Feeding and Locomotion: all absorb nutrient directly from host - no cilia/flagella but can move by amoeboid motion Reprodcution: sexual or asexual Impacts: some species infect birds, reptiles, mammals and cause malaria. involved with HIV |
|
|
Dinoflagellata
|
Protista
Basics: ~4000 known species - ocean-dwelling plankton - abundant in freshwater too - capable of bioluminescence, emit light via enzyme-catalyzed reaction Morphological Diversity: - most are unicellular, some live in colonies - each species has a distinct shape - chromosomes are attached to nuclear envelope at all times, no histones Feeding and Locomotion: - half are photosynthetic, other are predatory or parasitic - 2 flagella (perpendicular to each other) and swim in a spinning motion Reprodcution: asexual and sexual (sexual reproduction may produce tough cysts) Impacts: important primary producers in marine ecosystems some responsible for harmful algae blooms |
|
|
Phaeophyta
|
Protista
Basics: - "brown algae" (due to photosynthetic pigments) - over 1500 species - marine habitats Morphology: - cellulose and complex polymers in cell wall - all multicellular, leaflike blade, a stalk (stripe), and a rootlike holdfast which attaches to substrate Feeding and Locomotion: photosynthetic and sessile; reproductive cells may have flagella & be motile Reprodcution: sexual via swimming gametes, forms zygote Impacts: forms forests or meadows in oceans which are important for wide variety of animals |
|
|
Rhodophyta
|
Protista
Basics: "red algae" (chloroplasts contain lots of phycoerythrin pigment) ~ 6000 species - marine habitats, can live very deep Morphology: - walls composed of cellulose and other polymers - some unicellular, most multicellular - filamentous, can grow as thin, hard crust on rocks or coral - some have leaf like structures called thalli - some have many nuclei in cells Feeding and Locomotion: - majority are photosynthetic, some parasitic - only algae without flagella Reprodcution: asexual by spores (mitosis) - life cycles are variable Impacts: contribute to reef building and help stabilize the entire reef structure |
|
|
Ulvophycae (~chlorophyta)
|
Protista
Basics: - "green algae" ~ 4000 species - unicellular to multicellular Reprodcution: - asexual: spores that swim with flagella - sexual: resting stage, dormant in winter - gametes shed into water Life Cycle: - many are diploid only as zygotes Impacts: important primary producers in freshwater and coastal ocean areas |
|
|
Bryophyta
|
Plantae
Basics: - mosses - over 12,000 species - non-vascular - moist forests and tropics mostly, also in deserts and arctics Adaptions to Land: - lack of vascular tissue makes them unable to grow tall Reproduction: - asexual: fragmentation *(pieces broken off by wind can grow independently) - sexual: eggs in archegonia, sperm in antheridia... sporophyte produces up to 50 million tiny spores, distributed by wind. Life Cycle: - sporophyte retained on much larger gameotophyte and gets its nutrition from gametophyte Impacts: - among most abundant plants in the world - PEAT: large deposits of semi-decayed organic matter |
|
|
Pteridophyta
|
Plantae
Basics: - ferns - 12,000 species - seedless, vascular - tropics Adaptions to Land: - only seedless, vascular with large, well-developed leaves (fronds) and allows for efficient photosynthesis Reproduction: - asexual: production of gemmae (no gametes or sporophytes) - sexual: homosporous but only male or female Life Cycle: - sporophyte is longer lived phase of life cycle, sporangia are found in clusters called sori on underside of leaves. Impacts: - used as food in many parts of the world - used for landscaping |
|
|
Pinophyta
|
Plantae
Basics: - pines, spruces, firs - vascular, seed plants (non-flowering) - reproductive cones - among largest and most abundant trees on earth - long lived (long lives) Adaptions to Land: - needle-like leaves, allows them to thrive when water is scarce - wood as support structure Reproduction: - sexes are seperate - pollen transferred to female cones by wind Impacts: - dominate forests - seeds are sources of food for birds, squirrel and mice - wood used for paper and building |
|
|
Anthophyta
|
Plantae
Basics: - "Angiosperms" - vascular, seed, flowering plants - over 250,000 species - thrive in all environments as they are diverse in size, etc. - most common and abundant plants in most terrestrial environments Flowers: - reproductive structures that hold either pollen-producing microsporangia or megasporangia that produce megaspores and eggs or both. - color of petals helps to attract insects so they carry pollen to other plants - some pollinate by wind Adaptions to Land: - flowers and vessels (cells that make water transport efficient) and tracheids Reproduction and Life Cycle: - carpel: structure within flower that contains and ovary. ovule develops into a seed and matures into a fruit with contains a seed or seeds Impacts: - major supplier of food for all lifeforms (insects, animals, humans, etc.) |
|
|
Basidiomycota
|
Fungi
Basics: - "club fungi" - most form mycelia and produce multicellular reproductive structures but some are unicellular. - ~ 31,000 species, with more each year Absorptive Lifestyle: - saprophytes, important for their capability to produce lignin peroxidase and completely digest wood. - can be phytic, parasitic or mutualistic Life Cycle: - asexual: production of spores is common - asexual: growth and fragmentation of mycelia in the soil or rotting wood --> results in genetically identical but physically dependent - sexual: produce basidia (mushrooms, brackets, earthstars or puffballs) Impacts: - EMF important in forestry - mushrooms as a source of food |
|
|
Ascomycota (lichen-formers)
|
Fungi
Basics: - lichen formers - half grow symbiotically with cyanobacteria or single-celled members of green algae, forming lichens. - over 15,000 lichen to date Absorptive Lifestyle: - fungus in lichens protects photosynthetic bacterial or algal cells. hyphae form a protective layer. - cyanobacteria or alga provides them with carbohydrates for energy. - partially parasitic relationship in some lichens Life Cycle: - asexual: small "mini-lichen" structures called soredia. they disperse to a new location via wind or water. Impacts: - dominate the arctic and Antarctica tundras and are common in boreal forests. - major food of caribou - break off mineral particles from rock surface as they grow, aiding in soil formation. |
|
|
Ascomycota (non-lichen formers)
|
Fungi
Basics: - do not form lichens - found in every terrestrial habitat as well as some freshwater and marine habitats. - most for mycelia, some are single-celled yeasts. Absorptive Lifestyle: - few form mutalistic EMF associations with tree roots - most common endophytic fungi - parasitic forms are common too - ~ 65 predatory species, towards amoebae and unicellular protists. Life Cycle: - ascocarp: aboveground, ascus-bearing reproductive structure with a cup/saucer shape Impacts: - clean up contaminated sites - antibiotics and flavors of soda or candy - yeast used in brewing, baking and wine-making - infections in humans and other animals |
|
|
Ctenophora
|
Animalia
Basics: - "comb jellies" - transparent, ciliated, gelatinous diploblasts - live in marine habitats ~100 species Feeding: - they are predators - some have tentacles covered with cells that release adhesive to grab prey where they are ingested through the mouth - some prey are stuck to mucous on the body where cilia move the prey towards the mouth - some ingest large prey whole Movement: - adults move by the beating of cilia - they are the largest animal know to use cilia as means of movement Reproduction: - most species self-fertilize routinely by having both male and female organs. - larvae are free swimming |
|
|
Porifera
|
Animalia
Basics: - sponges - ~7000 species - most are marine, few freshwater - all are benthic (live on the bottom) - common in rocky shallow habitats Body: - made around a system of tubes and spores that create channels for water currents - specialized cell types - some have well-organized epithelial tissue layers lining inside and outside of body - collagen fibers are augmented by spicules (stiff spikes of silica or CaCO3) to provide structural support. Feeding: - most are "suspension feeders" cells beat together to send water through them where they collect nutrients and food such as organic debris and bacteria, archaea and small protists. - some are predators by catching small crustaceans on hooks that project from the body. Movement: - most dont move (sessile) - most produce larvae that swim with the aid of cilia Reproduction: - asexual: small groups of adult cells can develop into a complete adult organism (*totipotent) - other ways too |
|
|
Cnidaria
|
Animalia
Basics: - Jellyfish, coral Anemones, Hydroids ~11,000 species, mostly marine - important predators - 4 main lineages; 1. Hydrozoa (hydroids), 2. Cubozoa (box jellyfish), 3. Scyphozoa (jellyfish), 4. Anthozoa (anemones, corals and sea pens). - many are radically symmetrical diploblasts consisting of layers that sandwich jelly material called MESOGLEA - have a gastrovascular cavity which if for ingestion and waste Feeding: - CNIDOCYTE: a specialized cell used in prey capture - when they sense a prey, they eject a barbed spear-like structure which may contain toxins, brought to mouth and injected - also host photosynthetic dinoflagellates which supply them with food in exchange for protection Movement: - simple muscle-like tissue & the gut cavity work together to contract or extend the body Reproduction: - polyps reproduce asexually by budding (new organism grow from existing individual), fission (organism splits to create two) or fragmentation (parts of an adult regenerate missing pieces to form a whole). - sexual reproduction, gametes are released from the mouth and fertilization takes place in the water, where eggs hatch into larvae that swim via cilia |
|
|
Mollusca (bivalvia)
|
Animalia
Basics: - clams, mussels, scallops, oysters - 2 seperate shells made of calcium carbonate secreted by mantle that open an close via attached muscles - most in ocean, many freshwater forms - clams burrow into sand or mud while oyster and mussels attach to rock or other solid surface, scallops live on surface of small substrates Feeding: - most are suspension feeders that rely upon a flow of water past their GILLS in order to take in small protists or animals Movement: - scallops can swim by clapping their shells together - clams burrow with aid of a foot Reproduction: - most reproduce sexually: eggs & sperm are shed into water and fertilized eggs develop into larvae |
|
|
Mollusca (gastropoda)
|
Animalia
Basics: - snails, slugs and nudibranchs - "belly-feet", large muscular foot on their ventral side that can be retracted into shell - nudibranchs don't have a shell but have bright colors to warn predators of dangerous toxins Feeding: - RADULA: unique structure in their mouths to scrape away algae and other animals for consumption; usually covered with teeth made of chitin Movement: - waves of contraction down the length of the foot allow them to move by creeping Reproduction: - females can produce asexually by production of eggs, although sexual reproduction is more common - sexually: internal fertilization with larvae either dispersing or in an egg case during maturation |
|
|
Arthropoda
|
Animalia
Insects Basics: - larvae of some species common in freshwater streams and ponds - three tagmata: the head, thorax and abdomen. - 3 pairs of walking legs used to walk run or swim on thorax & pair of wings usually (to fly) - 4 mouth parts which make them able to feed in every way possible - sexes are seperate; mating through direct copulation Chelicerates Basics: - Spiders, ticks, mites, horseshoe crabs, daddy longlegs, scorpions - most terrestrial, some marine - capture insects or prey - muscles attached to exoskeleton help them move - sexual reproduction with internal fertilization Crustacean Basics: - shrimp, lobster, crabs,m barnacles, isopods, copepods - marine and freshwater environments - head and thorax combined by CEPHALOTHORAX & the abdomen - MANDIBLES: mouth parts that bite or chew - limbs for movement are diverse - male or female; sexual reproduction which internal fertilization Myriapod Basics: - millipedes, centipedes - head region and a long trunk which segments - mouthparts that can bite and chew - live in rotting logs or other dead plants and all over terrestrial environments - walk or run on their many legs, some species burrow - sexes are separate and fertilization is internal |
|
|
Chordata
|
Animalia
CHORDATE: - opening to the throat called pharyngeal gill slits - dorsal hallow nerve cord that runs the length of the body - stiff and supportive but flexible rod called a notochord - muscular, post-anal tail VERTEBRATE: - column of cartilaginous or bony structures called vertebrae, which form along the dorsal sides of the body - a cranium or skull to enclose the brain |
|
|
Mycelia
|
filamentous structures of fungi
|
|
|
yeasts
|
single-celled form of fungi
|
|
|
How do Mycelia grow? How does this affect its body shape?
|
they grow in the direction of food sources and die back in areas where food is running out. body shape changes almost continually throughout life.
|
|
|
Hyphae
(sing. hypha) |
long, narrow filaments within a mycelium. they branch frequently and are broken into cell-like compartments via cross-walls called septa.
|
|
|
Heterokaryotic
|
each cell contains several haploid nuclei from different parents
|
|
|
dikaryotic
|
2 haploid nuclei, one from each parent.
|
|
|
septa
(sing. septum) |
cross-walls that break hyphae into cell-like compartments without actually closing off segments. Gaps called pores enable materials to flow from one compartment to another.
|
|
|
coenocytic
|
lacks septa entirely
|
|
|
Mutalistic
vs. Parasitic vs. Commensal |
Mutalistic: benfits both species
Parasitic: one species benefits at expense of another Commensal: one benefits, other is unaffected. |
|
|
Endophytic Fungi
|
fingu that live in the aboveground parts of plants, much more common and diverse than previously suspected. most plants are covered with fungi.
|
|
|
ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF)
|
usually species from the Basidiomycota, through some ascomycetes participate
|
|
|
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
|
includes species from the Glomeromycota
|
|
|
what kingdoms eukaryotes/prokaryotes and which are purely unicellular, purely multicellular or both?
|
Bacteria:
-prokaryotes - single-celled only Archaea: - Prokaryotes - Single-celled only Protista: - Eukaryotes - both (multi, uni and colonial) Fungi: - Eukaryotes - Single and Multicellular Plantae: - eukaryotic - multicellular Animalia: - eukaryotic - multicellular |
|
|
Which kingdom is the only kingdom without cell walls?
What are the other kindgoms cell walls made from? |
- Animals do not have cell walls.
- Bacteria: peptidoglycan - Archaea: peptidoglycan - Protista: cellulose and other stuff - Fungi: chitin - Plants: cellulose |
|
|
How does each kingdom obtain their food?
(i.e.: autotrophs, hetrotrophs, both) |
- Bacteria: both
- Archaea: both - Protista: both - Fungi: heterotroph (absorption) - Plantae: autotrophs (self-energizing) - Animalia: heterotroph (ingestion) |
|
|
Which four kingdoms have plasma membrane structure that includes a phosphate group and a fatty acid chain with an ester linkage?
|
1. Animalia
2. Plantae 3. Fungi 4. Protista |
|
|
What are the plasma membrane structures of
- Archaea - Bacteria Are they stable in extreme environments? |
- Archaea: glycerol, ETHER linkage
( not stable in extreme environments) - Bacteria: D-glycerol, ester linkage (stable in extreme environments) |
|
|
What are the orders of the taxonomic levels?
|
- Domain
- Kingdom - Phylum/Division - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species |
|
|
Domains....
|
Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya
|
|
|
Does evolution occur at the individual or population level?
|
the population level
|
|
|
3 Requirements for Natural Selection are...
|
1. Ability to select upon specific traits
2. Traits that are heritable 3. Variation among the traits |
|
|
Genetic Drift is...
|
random changed in the genetic makeup of a population
|
|
|
4 keys points about evolution by natural selection....
|
1. Evolution is not progressive
2. Adaptations are not always perfect 3. Adaptations can't always happen 4. An organism is best adapted to its historical environment |
|
|
the 2 types of archaea phyla that we are to know for the exam...
|
1. Euryarchaeota
2. Crenarchaeota |
|
|
What is the difference between adaptations and acclimatizations?
|
Adaptations: changes in genetic makeup of species
Acclimatizations: summer coat vs. winter coat |
|
|
Which kingdom includes many extremophiles?
|
Archaea
|
|
|
Which kingdom is known for containing hyphae and lichen?
|
Fungi
|
|
|
Which kingdom exhibits virtually all known methods of getting energy? (organotrophs, lithotrophs, phototrophs)
|
Bacteria
|
|
|
Bacteria's cell walls contain: _____
Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls differ in what ways? |
- peptidoglycan
-Gram-positive: one inner membrane and a surrounding peptidoglycan layer - Gram-negative: inner membrane, periplasm space with a peptidoglycan layer inside, and an outer membrane made up of lipopolysaccharide and protein. |
|
|
How does an archaea cell membrane differ from bacteria/eukarya's cell membranes?
What are each made of? |
Archaea cell membranes have an ETHER linkage while bacteria and eukarya's have an ESTER linkage.
ETHER = isoprenes ESTER = fatty acids |
|
|
Organotrophs get energy from...
Lithotrophs get energy from.... Phototrophs get energy from.... |
Orangotroph = organic molecules
Lithotrophs = inorganic molecules Phototrophs = light |
|
|
Fungi has two growth styles....
|
1. yeasts
2. Hyphae |
