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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Growth
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the increase in the size of the organism
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differentiation
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the process of structural and functional specialization of groups of cells
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morphogenesis
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the development of pattern, shape and form
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fertilization
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haploid male and female gametes fuse
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zygote
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a fertilized egg
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cleavage
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the zygote repeatedly divides to create a ball of smaller and smaller cells
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morula
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a solid ball of many cells (after cleavage has occurred many times)
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blastocoel
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hollow cavity that forms within the morula
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blastual
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the stage after morula in which the blastocoel has already formed
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gastrulation
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the stage of development in which the cells begin to differentiate
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blastopore
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term for the invagination formed in the blastula during gastrulation
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gastrula
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term for the embryo after the blastopore (invagination) has formed
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acrosomal process
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a process that comes out of the head of the sperm and binds to the plasma membrane causing it to depolarize
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acrosome
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area at the front of the sperm head which contains enzymes and other proteins that allow the sperm to eat a hole through the jelly layer
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fast block to polyspermy
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multiple sperm are blocked from entering the same egg through a depolarization of the egg's plasma membrane caused by the binding of the acrosomal process; the depolarization only lasts a few minutes
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slow block to polyspermy
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the cortical granules fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the space between the membranes; the enzymes that have now been released, separate the two membranes, and water flows into the space between them
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holoblastic cleavage
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occurs when the whole zygote cleaves evenly into equally sized blastomeres
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archenteron
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an internal pouch formed during early gastrulation by the invagination of cells at the vegetal pole
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pluteus
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the larval stage of a starfish gastrula
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telolecithal
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term for eggs that contain large amounts of yolk
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notochord
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a stiff, rod-like structure that functions like a skeleton for the developing embryo
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somites
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paired blocks or segments of mesoderm that ultimately develop into the vertebrae and axial musculature
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neurulation
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is the development of the nervous system; associated with the end of gastrulation
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neural plate
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a flat plate of ectoderm that is the first stage in neurulation
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neural tube
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second stage in neurulation; occurs when the edges of the neural plate fold together to form a hollow tube; the posterior portion that lies over the notochord develops into the spinal chord whereas the anterior portion develops into the brain
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blastodisc
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a region found on the chick embryo where cleavage is confined to and occurs; this region lies on top of the yolk mass
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blastoderm
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the dividing cells found in the blastodisc
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meroblastic
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when only a portion of the zygote divides; typically results in a flat blastodisc of dividing cells rather than a spherical embryo
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epiblast
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the central cells of the blastodisc
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area pellucida
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in the chick blastoderm, the translucent or lightly colored inner disk of cells that is surrounded by the darker and thicker area opaca
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primitive streak
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the first sign of gastrulation; a long furrow in the blastodisc that is caused by the migration of mesodermal cells and endodermal cells into the interior of the blastoderm ; similar to the blastopore seen in other organisms
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Henesen's node
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a structure that develops at the anterior end of the primitive streak; as it moves down the primitive streak, differentiation occurs behind it forming somites and notochord
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