Biol 1020 Exam One

Front 1

Deductive Reasoning

Back 1

from general to specific

Front 2

Inductive Reasoning

Back 2

specific to general: impossible to prove the accuracy of the generalizations

Front 3

Hypothesis

Back 3

a testable model

Front 4

Experimental or treatment group

Back 4

the individuals given the specific treatment or condition being tested

Front 5

Control Group

Back 5

the individuals not given the specific treatment

Front 6

Theory

Back 6

Well supported thesis that links together a large body of observations

Front 7

Principle or Law

Back 7

a theory that links together significant bodies of thoughts and yields unvarying and uniform predictions over a long period of time

Front 8

Cell

Back 8

The basic structural and functional unit of life consisting of material bound by a membrane

Front 9

Metabolism

Back 9

the chemical process essential for growth and repair

Front 10

Homeostasis

Back 10

the tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal enviroment

Front 11

DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid)

Back 11

responsible for info transfer from one generation to the next

Front 12

Hormones

Back 12

Chemical signals used for intercellular signaling

Front 13

Taxonomy

Back 13

the science of classifying and naming organisms

Front 14

Species

Back 14

basic unit of classification or taxonomy

Front 15

Genus

Back 15

A group of closely related species

Front 16

Archaeabacteria

Back 16

bacteria typically found in extreme environments

Front 17

Eubacteria

Back 17

very diverse group of bacteria

Front 18

Eukarya

Back 18

organisms with a discrete cellular nucleus: divided into four kingdoms

Front 19

Kingdom Protista

Back 19

single celled and simple multicellular organisms having nuclei

Front 20

Kingdom Plantae

Back 20

complex multicellular organisms having tissues and organs

Front 21

Kingdom Fungi

Back 21

Organisms with cell walls containing chitin as the main structural component

Front 22

Kingdom Animalia

Back 22

Complex multicellular organisms that must eat other organisms for nourishment

Front 23

Producers(Autotrophs)

Back 23

manufacture their own food from simple materials

Front 24

Consumers( Heterotrophs)

Back 24

obtain energy by eating other organisms;use food and oxygen; release carbon dioxide and water

Front 25

Decomposers

Back 25

obtain energy by breaking down the waste products, by products, and dead bodies of producers and consumers; usually bacteria and fungi

Front 26

Elements

Back 26

substances that can not be further broken down into other substances

Front 27

4 elements that make up 96% of the mass of most living things

Back 27

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Front 28

Atom

Back 28

the smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element

Front 29

Electron

Back 29

Contributes no significant mass to the atom, but carries a (-1) electrical charge

Front 30

Proton

Back 30

Contribute a mass of approximately 1 mass unit, and carries a (+1) electrical charge

Front 31

Nuetrons

Back 31

contributes a mass of approximately 1 mass unit; and carries no net electricalcharge

Front 32

Protons and Neutrons determines

Back 32

Atomic Mass

Front 33

Atomic number

Back 33

number of protons in the nucleus

Front 34

Isotopes

Back 34

atoms that have the same number of protons but have different numbers of nuetrons

Front 35

Electron shell

Back 35

electrons with similar energies

Front 36

Molecule

Back 36

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Front 37

Compound

Back 37

a specific combination of two or more different elements chemically combined into a fixed ratio

Front 38

Chemical Formula

Back 38

a shorthand formula showing the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule

Front 39

Structural formula

Back 39

shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Front 40

Molecular Mass

Back 40

The sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule

Front 41

Mole

Back 41

the amount of a substance that in grams has the same number as the atomic mass

Front 42

Avogadro's Number

Back 42

6.02 X10^23

Front 43

Bond Energy

Back 43

the amount of energy required to break a particular chemical bond

Front 44

Covalent Bonds

Back 44

Electrons are shared between two atoms

Front 45

ionic bonds

Back 45

one atom completely gives up an electron to another atom

Front 46

Nonpolar

Back 46

equal sharing of electrons

Front 47

Polar

Back 47

Unequal sharing of electrons

Front 48

Ion

Back 48

atom gains or gives up one or more electrons

Front 49

Cation

Back 49

lost one electron; has a positive charge

Front 50

Anions

Back 50

gained one or more electrons; has a negative charge

Front 51

Ionic Bound

Back 51

formed by the attraction between a cation and an anion

Front 52

Ionic Compound

Back 52

a substance held together by ionic bounds

Front 53

Hydration

Back 53

surrounding the ions with the end water molecules with the opposite (partial) charge

Front 54

Hydrogen bonds

Back 54

weak interactions involving partially (+) charged hydrogen atoms

Front 55

Oxidation

Back 55

a chemical process in which an atom, molecule, or ion loses an electron

Front 56

Hydrophobic

Back 56

Does not interact well with water

Front 57

Hydrophillic

Back 57

interacts well with water

Front 58

Cohesive forces

Back 58

caused by the attraction of water molecules to water other water molecules; gives water a high surface tension

Front 59

Adhesive Forces

Back 59

cause water molecules to be attracted to other kinds of molecules; how things are made wet

Front 60

Capillary Action

Back 60

the tendency of water to move up narrow tubes even against gravity

Front 61

Specific Heat

Back 61

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a specific amount of a substance one degree celsius

Front 62

Heat of Vaporization

Back 62

the amount of heat energy required to convert one gram of liquid into the gaseous state

Front 63

Acids

Back 63

proton donors

Front 64

Bases

Back 64

proton acceptors

Front 65

Pure water has a Ph of what?

Back 65

7

Front 66

A pH lower than 7 is what?

Back 66

Acidic

Front 67

A pH above 7 is what?

Back 67

Basic

Front 68

Buffers

Back 68

minimizes pH changes

Front 69

Solvent

Back 69

a liquid into which a substance dissolves

Front 70

Solute

Back 70

the dissolved substance

Front 71

Solution

Back 71

Solute+Solvent

Front 72

Salts

Back 72

Form from acids and bases

Front 73

heterogeneous mixtures

Back 73

mixtures that are not of uniform composition throughout-- a living organism is a good example

Front 74

homogeneous mixtures

Back 74

mixtures that are not of uniform composition throughout-- a salt water solution is a good example

Front 75

Organic compounds

Back 75

at lest one carbon atom covalently bound to another carbon atom or to hydrogen

Front 76

Isomers

Back 76

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

Front 77

Structural Isomers

Back 77

substances with the same molecular formula that differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

Front 78

Stereoisomers

Back 78

substances with the same arrangement of covalent bonds but the order in which the atoms are arranged in space is different

Front 79

Enationmers

Back 79

Substances that are mirror images of each other and that cannot bee superimposed on each other

Front 80

Polymers

Back 80

long chains or branching chains based on repeating subunits

Front 81

Carbohydrates

Back 81

sugars, starches, and cellulose

Front 82

monosaccharides

Back 82

simple sugars

Front 83

Proteins

Back 83

macromolecules that are polymers formed from amino acid monomers

Front 84

peptide bond

Back 84

joins the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another

Front 85

Primary structure

Back 85

the sequence of amino acids in the peptide chain

Front 86

Secondary Structure

Back 86

results from hydrogen bonds involving the backbone

Front 87

tertiary structure

Back 87

the overall folded shape of a single polypeptide chain

Front 88

Quaternary Structure

Back 88

results from interactions between two or more separate polypeptide chains

Front 89

denaturation

Back 89

unfolding of a protein

Front 90

Enzymes

Back 90

Biological substances that regulates the rates of chemical reactions in living organisms

Front 91

Nucleic acids

Back 91

transmit hereditary information by determining what proteins a cell makes

Front 92

Ribose or Deoxyibose

Back 92

a five carbon sugar

Front 93

Anabolic reactions

Back 93

processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones

Front 94

Catabolic Reactions

Back 94

processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones

Front 95

Exergonic reactions

Back 95

the products have less free energy than reactants

Front 96

Endergonic reactions

Back 96

the products have more free energy than the reactants

Front 97

ATP

Back 97

the main energy currency in cells

Front 98

Catalyst

Back 98

substance that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction

Front 99

Induced Fit

Back 99

when the enzyme substrate complex forms,there are typically shape changes in the enzyme and substrate

Front 100

Active Site

Back 100

the site where the substrate binds to the enzyme

Front 101

Inhibitors

Back 101

reduce or eliminate catalytic activity

Front 102

Activators

Back 102

Allow or enhance catalytic activity

Front 103

Feedback inhibition

Back 103

A common example of allosteric control

Front 104

irreversible Inhibition

Back 104

enzyme is permanently inactivated or destroyed

Front 105

reversible inhibition

Back 105

if the inhibitor is removed the enzyme activity can resume