Biol-102: Lab 04: Sensory (Part 2)

Front 1

emmetropia

Back 1

results when light rays from objects in the external environment are refracted by the cornea and the lens of the eye and focused onto the photoreceptors of the retina.

Front 2

Visual acuity test

Back 2

uses the Snellen Chart

Front 3

Accomodation Test

Back 3

is the changing of the shape of the lens that occurs when the normal eye is focused for close vision. It involves a reflex in which muscles of the ciliary body are stimulated to contract, releasing tension on the suspensory ligaments that are fastened to the lens capsule.
(uses a meter stick and a 3x5 card)

Front 4

Astigmatism test

Back 4

Chart with the radiating lines

Front 5

Color Vision Test

Back 5

Ishihara book

Front 6

Blind Spot Demonstration

Back 6

there are no photoreceptors in the optic disk, which is located where the nerve fibers of the retina leave the eye and enter the optic nerve
(uses an index card with a + and . on it)

Front 7

Photopupillary Reflex

Back 7

(uses a flashlight to see how the pupil decreases when closed for 2 minutes)

Front 8

Auditory acuity test

Back 8

(put cotton in one ear and hold a ticking clock near the open ear and determine the distance where they can no longer hear the ticking noise)

Front 9

Sound Localization Test

Back 9

subjects eyes are closed and they are to determine where the sound is coming from

Front 10

Rinne's Test

Back 10

(uses a tuning fork) hold tuning fork near their ear and if no sound is heard, nerve deafness exists

Front 11

Weber's Test

Back 11

(uses tuning fork) strike the tuning fork and place on top of the middle of the subjects head (noise should be even on both sides)

Front 12

Romberg test

Back 12

(whiteboard and light) used to evaluate a person's ability to integrate sensory information from proprioceptors and receptors within the organs of equilibrium and to relay appropriate motor impulses to postural muscles.

Front 13

Barany's Test

Back 13

(spinning the subject in a chair) tests nystagmus

Front 14

When the eyes are open, what sensory organs provide information needed to maintain equilibrium?

Back 14

photoreceptors

Front 15

When the eyes are closed, what sensory organs provide information needed to maintain equilibrium?

Back 15

hearing

Front 16

Diabetes mellitus

Back 16

often simply diabetes, is a syndrome characterized by disordered metabolism and inappropriately high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) resulting from either low levels of the hormone insulin or from abnormal resistance to insulin's effects coupled with inadequate levels of insulin secretion to compensate. The characteristic symptoms are excessive urine production (polyuria), excessive thirst and increased fluid intake (polydipsia), and blurred vision; these symptoms are likely absent if the blood sugar is only mildly elevated.

Front 17

What are the 3 forms of diabetes?

Back 17

type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes

Front 18

Type 1 Diabetes

Back 18

Type 1 diabetes is usually due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells.

Front 19

Type 2 Diabetes

Back 19

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance in target tissues, this causes a need for abnormally high amounts of insulin and diabetes develops when the beta cells cannot meet this demand.

Front 20

Gestational Diabetes

Back 20

Gestational diabetes is similar to type 2 diabetes in that it involves insulin resistance; the hormones of pregnancy can cause insulin resistance in women genetically predisposed to developing this condition.

Front 21

Diabetes insipidus

Back 21

is a condition characterized by excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine, which cannot be reduced when fluid intake is reduced. It denotes inability of the kidney to concentrate urine. DI is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, or by an insensitivity of the kidneys to that hormone.

Front 22

Acromegaly

Back 22

Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that results from too much growth hormone (GH) in the body. The anterior pituitary, a small gland in the brain, makes GH. In acromegaly, the pituitary produces excessive amounts of GH. Usually the excess GH comes from benign, or noncancerous, tumors on the pituitary. These benign tumors are called adenomas.
Acromegaly is most often diagnosed in middle-aged adults, although symptoms can appear at any age. If not treated, acromegaly can result in serious illness and premature death. Acromegaly is treatable in most patients, but because of its slow and often “sneaky” onset, it often is not diagnosed early or correctly. The most serious health consequences of acromegaly are type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and arthritis. Patients with acromegaly are also at increased risk for colon polyps, which may develop into colon cancer if not removed.

Front 23

gigantism

Back 23

When GH-producing tumors occur in childhood, the disease that results is called gigantism rather than acromegaly. A child’s height is determined by the length of the so-called long bones in the legs. In response to GH, these bones grow in length at the growth plates—areas near either end of the bone. Growth plates fuse after puberty, so the excessive GH production in adults does not result in increased height but the bones of the face, hands and feet become enlarged.

Front 24

Hyperthyroidism

Back 24

is the result of excess thyroid hormone production (T3 and T4), causing an overactive metabolism and increased speed of all the body's processes. Thyroid hormone generally controls the pace of all of the processes in the body. This pace is called one's metabolism. If there is too much thyroid hormone, every function of the body tends to speed up. The thyroid gland regulates the body temperature by secreting two hormones that control how quickly the body burns calories and energy. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism in humans is Graves’ Disease.

Front 25

Graves' disease

Back 25

is an autoimmune disorder, in which the body produces antibodies to the receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). These antibodies cause hyperthyroidism because they bind to the TSH receptor and chronically stimulate it.

Front 26

Hyperthyroidism is characterized by ...

Back 26

exophthalmus (abnormal protrusion of the eyeball), weight loss, heat intolerance, irritability, and a high BMR.

Front 27

Hypothyroidism

Back 27

People with inadequate T4 & T3 levels are hypothyroid
• Have low BMR, weight gain, lethargy, cold intolerance
• & myxedema = puffy face, hands, feet
• During fetal development hypothyroidism can cause cretenism (severe mental retardation)

Front 28

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Back 28

is an autoimmune disease where the body's own antibodies attack the cells of the thyroid. This disorder is believed to be the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in North America. It occurs far more often in women than in men (10:1 to 20:1), and is most prevalent between 45 and 65 years of age.

Front 29

Cushing's disease

Back 29

specifically refers to a tumor in the pituitary gland that stimulates excessive release of cortisol from the adrenal gland by releasing large amounts of ACTH. In Cushing's syndrome, ACTH levels do not respond to negative feedback from the high levels of cortisol.
Symptoms include rapid weight gain, particularly of the trunk and face with sparing of the limbs (central obesity), a round face often referred to as a "moon face", excess sweating, dilation of capillaries, thinning of the skin (which causes easy bruising) and other mucous membranes, purple or red striae (the weight gain in Cushing's stretches the skin, which is thin and weakened, causing it to hemorrhage) on the trunk, buttocks, arms, legs or breasts, proximal muscle weakness (hips, shoulders), and hirsutism (facial male-pattern hair growth). A common sign is the growth of fat pads along the collar bone and on the back of the neck (known as a lipodystrophy).

Front 30

Addison's disease

Back 30

(also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency) is a rare endocrine disorder in which the adrenal gland produces insufficient amounts of steroid hormones (cortisol and often aldosterone).

Symptoms
The most common symptoms are fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, sweating, changes in mood and personality and joint and muscle pains. Some have marked cravings for salt or salty foods due to the urinary losses of sodium.
Clinical signs
Low blood pressure that falls further when standing (orthostatic hypotension) Darkening (hyperpigmentation) of the skin, including areas not exposed to the sun; characteristic sites are skin creases (e.g. of the hands), nipples, and the inside of the cheek (buccal mucosa), also old scars may darken.

Front 31

BMI

Back 31

is a number that shows body weight adjusted for height