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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why does water have a high specific heat? |
Hydrogen Bonds |
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Solvents |
Substances that act as the dissolving agent in solutions |
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Solutes |
Substance that gets dissolved when forming a solution |
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Solution |
Combination of solute(s) and solvent(s) |
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Hydrophilic |
Substances that tend to dissolve in water |
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Hydrophobic |
Substances that tend to not dissolve in water |
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Moles |
Concentration of solutes in a solution |
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Bases |
Substances that decrease the concentration of H+ in water (some accept H+ ions, some release OH- ions) |
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Organic Chem |
Study of carbon compounds |
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Isomers |
Molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different three-dimensional structures |
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Structural isomers |
Differ in the covalent partnerships between their atoms |
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Geometric Isomers |
Vary in the arrangement of the atoms around a double bond |
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Enantiomers |
Molecules that are mirror images of each other (like left and right hands) |
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For two molecules to be enantiomers of each other, the following must be true: |
* Each molecule must have a carbon atom that is covalently bound to four DIFFERENT atoms or groups of atoms
* The atoms to which each of these carbon atoms is bound must be the same for both molecules * The two molecules must have different 3-dimensional shapes (i.e. they must NOT be the same molecule, with one simply drawn rotated with respect to the other) |
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Asymmetric Carbon |
carbons that are covalently bonded to 4 different groups |
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Hydrocarbons |
Consist of just carbon and hydrogen (hydrophobic) |
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Functional Groups |
Most of the organic molecules that make up our bodies (e.g. proteins and lipids) |
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Hydroxyl Group |
C--OH Hydroxyl groups are polar & can form hydrogen bonds, help dissolve organic compounds |
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Carbonyl Group |
C=O Aldehyde at end of chain Ketone in middle of chain |
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Carboxyl Group |
OH | C=O Organic Acid at end of chain |
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amino groups |
NH2. Molecules with amino groups are known as amines. Amino groups can bind H+, and so can act as bases.
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sulfhydryl groups |
SH. Molecules with sulfhydryl groups are known as thiols. Two sulfhydryl groups can interact, forming a covalent bond. |
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Phosphate |
O-PO32-. Phosphate groups are negatively charged. A lot of energy is stored in phosphate groups. |
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methyl (CH3) groups |
Molecules that have a methyl group attached to them are called “methylated”. Some of your DNA is methylated, which affects the activities of nearby genes. |
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Carbohydrates |
include both sugars and polymers of sugars |
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Sugars |
polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. The term “polyhydroxy” means they have lots of hydroxyl group |
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monosaccharides |
simplest sugars |
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Disaccharides |
consist of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond |
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Dehydration |
The monosaccharides are joined together through dehydration, a type of condensation reaction that results in release of water |
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monomers |
The repeating units that form polymers |
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Starch |
is made and stored by plants in plastids (more general name for organelles, such as chloroplasts) |
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Hydrolysis |
splitting of water (reverse of dehydration reaction) |
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Whats an example of a structural polysaccharide? |
Cellulose-made mostly by plants |
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How are monosaccharides joined together? |
Dehydration |
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How are two monosaccharides joined together? |
“glycosidic linkage” |
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Example of a polymer |
Polysaccharide |
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polymers |
long molecules formed from many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. |
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What units form polymers? |
Monomers |
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Are lipids polymers? |
No |
