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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do nucleotide connect to each other to form a polymer? |
The phosphate of one nucleotide attaches to the sugar of another nucleotide. |
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What are the three parts of a Nucleotide? |
Phosphate, sugar, base |
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What is RNA a polymer of? |
Nucleotides |
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What are three differences between DNA and RNA? |
- Ribose has a hydroxyl group (-OH) while deoxyribose has hydrogen (-H) - RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded - RNA is shorter |
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What does DNA do? |
It acts as a template for information to be transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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What are the subunits of DNA? |
Nucleotides |
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What are the bases of DNA? |
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine |
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What are the bases of RNA? |
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil |
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How do bases pair in DNA? |
A — T G — C |
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How do bases pair in RNA? |
A — U G — C |
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What are the steps of Transcription? |
1. Transcriptional Initiation 2. Elongation 3. RNA polymerase encounters a Terminator |
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During Transcription, what does RNA bind to? |
Promoter DNA |
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What is a Promoter? |
A regulatory region where RNA polymerase and associated proteins bind to the DNA duplex |
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What is an explanation of Transcription? |
Machines read the information and write in on little notes |
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What are the strands of DNA held together by? |
Hydrogen bonds |
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What kind of chemical bonds form between Nucleotides in RNA? |
Phosphodiester bonds |
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What are primes in DNA and what is their role? |
5' (prime) on one end and 3' on the other. They provide the direction in which a DNA strand is "read" |
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What is DNA a polymer of? |
Nucleotides |
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What is the "backbone" of DNA? |
Sugar and phosphates |
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What is the "central storehouse" for glycogen in animals? |
The liver |
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What are Carbohydrates a polymer of? |
Sugar |
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What is Glucose Homeostasis? |
The body returns to normal blood glucose levels |
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What is Reduction? |
Taking in electrons Charge goes down |
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What is Oxidation? |
Giving away electrons Charge goes up |
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What are FADH₂ and NADH? |
Electron Carriers |
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What is required Glucose to be converted to ATP during Cellular Respiration? |
Oxygen |
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NAD+ + 2e- + H+ = NADH is an example of: |
Reduction |
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FADH₂ = FAD + 2e- + 2H+ is an example of: |
Oxidation |
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As glucose breaks down, what happens to potential energy? |
It decreases |
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Where in the cell does glucose break down take place? |
The Mitochondria |
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What is referred to as cellular currency? |
ATP |
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What is referred to as the Goldilocks of potential energy? |
ATP |
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What is energy? |
The capacity to do work |
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"Bags of water within bags of water" is a description of: |
Eukaryotic Cells |
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What is kinetic energy? |
Energy in motion |
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What is potential energy? |
Stored energy |
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What is Anabolism? |
Building molecules |
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What is Catabolism |
Breaking down molecules |
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What process creates ATP? |
Catabolism |
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What makes up the cell membrane? |
Phospholipids |
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What is a common feature of lipids? |
Lipids are hydrophobic |
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How many different nucleotides are there? |
5 Pyrimidine bases: C, T, U Purine bases: G, A |
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What are the functions of Protein? |
Signal, Receptor, Enzyme, Transporter, Transcription Regulator |
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How many different amino acids are there and what makes them each different? |
20 The chemical properties of its R group |
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What do plants make during photosynthesis? |
Glucose |
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What are the protein subunits of polymers? |
Amino Acids |
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What does a Covalent Bond mean? |
Atoms share their electrons |
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What does a Polar Covalent Bond mean? |
One atom is more attractive to the electrons |
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What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? |
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus while Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus |
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What is a polymer? |
Complex molecules made up of repeated simpler units connected by covalent bonds |
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What is the bond between amino acids in a polymer called? |
Peptide bond |
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The hormones testosterone and estrogen are classified as: |
Steroids |
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The hormones adrenaline, cortisol, oxytocin, and insulin are classified as: |
Peptides |
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How is a scientific theory different from a hypothesis? |
A hypothesis is untested while a theory is tested |
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What is the goal of an experiment? |
To prove or disprove a hypothesis |
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What are the steps in the scientific method? |
1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Prediction 4. Experiment |
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What is different about a control group? |
It does not introduce a variable |
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What is a covalent bond? |
When two atoms share a pair of electrons in a molecular orbit |
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What is a hydrogen bond? |
An interaction between a Hydrogen atom with a slight positive charge and an electronegative atom of another molecule |
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What is the carbohydrate version of a polymer? |
Polysaccharide |
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What does a cell membrane do? |
Physically separates cells from their external environment and defines spaces within the cell |
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What is Diffusion (Passive Transport)? |
The random movement of molecules |
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What is Active Transport? |
The "uphill" movement of substances against a concentration gradient |
