Biogeography Test 1

Front 1

Biogeography

Back 1

science that documents and understands spatial patterns of biodiversity

Front 2

Real pattern

Back 2

life varies from place to place in highly non-random and predictable fashion

Front 3

Phytogeography

Back 3

plants

Front 4

Zoogeography

Back 4

animals

Front 5

Historical biogeography

Back 5

reconstruct origin, dispersal and extinction of taxa

Front 6

Comte de Buffon

Back 6

wrote "Histore Natural" in 1749 and believe life originated far north

Front 7

Johan Reinhold Forster

Back 7

observed natural biotic regions and described how floras replaced one another; species on islands vs mainlands;

Front 8

Alexander von Humboldt

Back 8

father of phytogeography

Front 9

Lyell

Back 9

Principles of Geology - used geology to explain patterns in organism distribution

Front 10

Transition zone

Back 10

species on either side of line are different phylogenetically

Front 11

Hooker

Back 11

botany of Antartic

Front 12

Cosmopolitan species

Back 12

unlimited range

Front 13

Westerlies

Back 13

winds blowig toward poles deflected at east

Front 14

Tropical Rainforest

Back 14

long days, high amount of rainfall, diverse specie, soils are nutrient poor

Front 15

Treefall gaps

Back 15

opens space in canopy and new succession occurs rapidly

Front 16

Savanna

Back 16

grassland with few trees, large herbivores and predators; Africa/Australia

Front 17

Deserts

Back 17

dry, arid, rainfall important, many species life-history traits tied to rainfall

Front 18

Chaparral

Back 18

spiny shrub habitat, grapes, olives, mild climate

Front 19

Temperate grasslands

Back 19

associated with fires, tornados, periodic drought, most converted for agriculture, tall grass and shortgrass prairie

Front 20

Temperate deciduous forests

Back 20

true seasons, hardwoods and evergreens, heavily logged, now have secondary forest

Front 21

Tundra

Back 21

permafrost, long cold winters, caribou, polar bears

Front 22

Taiga

Back 22

coniferous forrests, long winters, moose, elk, bears, montana, wyoming

Front 23

Coevolution

Back 23

predator and prey evolve together

Front 24

Podzolization

Back 24

temperate and subartic latitudes and high elevations, cool temp and abundant moisture

Front 25

Laterization

Back 25

Tropics - little humus accumulates so clays form, low productivity soils

Front 26

Calcification

Back 26

calcium carbonate deposited beneath ancient seas, arid and semi-arid environments

Front 27

Gleization

Back 27

cold and wet polar regions

Front 28

Lotic

Back 28

flowing water

Front 29

Lentic

Back 29

standing water

Front 30

Aquatic Biomes

Back 30

Freshwater, Wetlands, Estuaries, Marine

Front 31

Population size

Back 31

B+I-D-E

Front 32

Kin selection

Back 32

benefit if mother/brother leave offspring in next generation

Front 33

Hutchinson

Back 33

a species environment is a multidimensional space or hypervolume (n-dimensional hypervolume)

Front 34

Niche

Back 34

all of the factors that control where you find a species and in what number

Front 35

Realized niche

Back 35

smaller, more realistic measure of niche

Front 36

Connell

Back 36

first to test niche concept; rocky intertidal zone experiment with barnacles

Front 37

Metapopulation

Back 37

group of populations that are connected

Front 38

Liebig's Law of hte Minimum

Back 38

biological process limited by that single factor that is in the shortest supply relative to demand, or for which the organism has the least tolerance

Front 39

Hocker

Back 39

loblolly pine distribution set by low temperatures and with soil moisture

Front 40

Intereference Competition

Back 40

direct contact

Front 41

Exploitative Competition

Back 41

indirect, two species using the same food source

Front 42

Gause's Law

Back 42

competitive exclusion principle

Front 43

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Back 43

no two species can occupy the same niche

Front 44

Keystone species

Back 44

keeps competitive dominant species in check

Front 45

Predator mediated coexistance

Back 45

predator promotes coexistance of otherwise incompatible competitors by preying most heavily on most abundant prey species

Front 46

Horse latitudes

Back 46

air descends at 30 degrees North and South

Front 47

Trade Winds

Back 47

winds blowing towards equator from horse latitudes deflected to the West

Front 48

Westerlies

Back 48

wind blowing towards poles deflected to the East

Front 49

Littoral zone

Back 49

lake freshwater, most productive area

Front 50

Intertidal zone

Back 50

most productive area in ocean

Front 51

Source

Back 51

birth rate exceeds death rate

Front 52

Sink

Back 52

death rate exceeds birth rate

Front 53

R-selected

Back 53

rapid growth
mature early
lots of offspring
no parental care
semelparous
exponential growth

Front 54

K-Selected

Back 54

slow growth
late maturity
small clutch size
parental care
iteroparous
logistical growth

Front 55

Paine

Back 55

Rocky intertidal zone experiment with starfish

Front 56

Ecological biogeography

Back 56

accounts for present distributions and geographic variation in diversity in terms of interactions b/w organisms and their environments

Front 57

Transition zone

Back 57

Wallace's line - species on either side are different phylogenetically

Front 58

Primary succession

Back 58

involves formation of soil, development of vegetation and assembly of communities

Front 59

Secondary succession

Back 59

involves weedy pioneer species colonizing after a disturbance