Bioethics Final

Front 1

____: aims to increase the number of favorable genes in the human population.

Back 1

Positive eugenics

Front 2

____: aims to decrease the number of unfavorable, undesirable, or harmful genes in the human population.

Back 2

Negative eugenics

Front 3

____: This procedure involves the creation of an embryo by inserting the nucleus of a somatic cell (i.e., a body cell) into an unfertilized egg that has had its nucleus removed.

Back 3

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) – otherwise known as cloning

Front 4

____
takes the embryo created by SCNT and harvests the pluripotent stem cells for research and/or therapy. The embryo (any embryo -- regardless of whether it’s made by IVF or created through SCNT) is destroyed by the removal of its stem
cells. This is the source of much of the ethical controversy.

Back 4

Cloning-for-biomedical-research (otherwise known as therapeutic cloning)

Front 5

____ takes the embryo created by SCNT and implants it into the uterus of a human female that would gestate it until birth. The resultant child would be a “clone” of the individual whose somatic cell was used to create the embryo. The current consensus is to ban cloning-to-produce-children, but there are some ethicists who are open to it.

Back 5

Cloning-to-produce-children (otherwise known as reproductive cloning)

Front 6

____ cells, at the 2-4 cell stage of embryonic development, are capable of
giving rise to every cell line in the body and to an entire human individual.

Back 6

Totipotent

Front 7

____ stem cells can be multiplied and maintained in culture but do not have an unlimited capacity for differentiation and renewal. In the fetus, these
stem cells are essential to the formation of tissue and organs. Though less abundant in the adult, ____ stem cells replenish tissues whose cells have a limited life span, for example, skin stem cells.

Back 7

Multipotent
multipotent

Front 8

____ stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is a slightly later stage of embryonic development when outer and inner cells have already become differentiated (5-7 days after fertilization). ____ cells may give rise to many cells in an adult animal, but they are no longer capable of giving rise to every cell line in the body and to an entire human individual. In other
words, they are not ____.

Back 8

Pluripotent
Pluripotent
totipotent

Front 9

____: These cells have different forms with varying abilities to differentiate into
specialized tissues.

Back 9

Stem cells

Front 10

____ (conception takes place outside of the body, can use
gametes from intended mother and father or gametes from egg/sperm donors).

Back 10

IVF: in vitro fertilization

Front 11

____. An umbrella term for a family of “higher
tech” technologies that assist in conception. Treats some types of infertility. Also used
in gestational surrogacy. Also used in conjunction with PGD.

Back 11

ART: Assisted Reproductive Technologies.

Front 12

____. Relatively “low tech” treatment for some types of infertility, in which sperm are placed in a woman’s uterus. Also used in traditional surrogacy. Also used after sperm sorting for gender selection.

Back 12

AI or IUI: Artificial Insemination or Intrauterine Insemination

Front 13

____: At five to seven days after fertilization a hollow appears in the
center of the morula and the cells constituting the embryo start to differentiate
into inner cells which give rise to the fetus and outer cells which constitute the
placenta and other surrounding tissue.

Back 13

Blastocyst stage

Front 14

____. Various tests performed on fetus in utero to determine its health. Includes ultrasound, amniocentesis, CVS, etc.

Back 14

PD: Prenatal Diagnosis or screening

Front 15

____. Genetic screening of an early embryo, at the stage when all cells are totipotent.

Back 15

PGD: Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis

Front 16

PGD first requires ____ to produce multiple embryos for testing. PGD removes a single cell or two from each embryo for analysis. The main purpose of PGD is to test for ____. PGD also provides an accurate determination of the ____ of embryo. After PGD, desired embryo(s) are selected and placed into woman’s uterus for gestation.

Back 16

IVF
genetic abnormalities
sex

Front 17

____: Trade name for sperm sorting technique with the sole purpose of separating X-bearing from Y-bearing sperm. Used to avoid the conception of a child with a ____ genetic disease or for parents’ non-medical ____ preference. Not 100% accurate.

Back 17

Microsort
sex linked
gender

Front 18

Sex Selection Overview
There are three possible methods for selecting the sex of your offspring using existing medical technology:
.

Back 18

(1) Prenatal testing of fetus (e.g., using ultrasound or amniocentesis) and then
abortion of the fetus if it is the “wrong” sex.
(2) IVF and PGD to select the embryo of the desired sex and implant it in the
mother’s uterus.
(3) Sperm sorting to select X or Y bearing sperm (for girl or boy) and fertilization of
the egg (or eggs) through either artificial insemination (in vivo) or IVF (in vitro)

Front 19

____ is the freedom to have or to avoid having children.

Back 19

procreative liberty

Front 20

Procreative liberty is a ____ by which is meant that no one should
interfere with or deprive you of your freedom to have a child (e.g., by sterilizing you
against your will) and no should interfere with or deprive you of your freedom to avoid
having a child.

Back 20

negative right

Front 21

____ promised to give human beings control over [evolution] by encouraging the reproduction of the fittest specimens of humanity ___ and
preventing that of the unfit ____

Back 21

Eugenics
positive eugenics
negative eugenics

Front 22

____ - an obligation or pledge of physicians, nurses, and others to keep secret the personal health information of patients unless they consent to disclosure.

Back 22

confidentiality

Front 23

_____ - The action of an autonomous, informed person agreeing to submit to medical treatment or experimentation.

Back 23

Informed consent

Front 24

____ - A woman who gestates a fetus for others, usually for a couple or another woman.

Back 24

surrogate

Front 25

What counts as “therapy”?

Back 25

• treating illness or injury
• preventing illness
• restoring health
• restoring function
• comfort measures to alleviate
pain and suffering

Front 26

What crosses the line (if such a line
can be drawn) between therapy and
“____”? Or between
therapy and “____”?

Back 26

beyond therapy
enhancement

Front 27

_____ - abortion performed to preserve the life or health of the mother. Most believe this to be morally permissible.

Back 27

Therapeutic abortion

Front 28

The intentional termination of pregnancy through drugs or surgery is ____ or simply ____.

Back 28

induced abortion
abortion

Front 29

____ - sperm from either the couple's male partner or a donor is used to artificially inseminate the surrogate. Since the egg fertilized is the surrogate's, the baby produced from this arrangement is genetically related only to the surrogate and to whoever supples the sperm.

Back 29

traditional surrogacy

Front 30

____ - the surrogate receives a transferred embryo created through IVF using the sperm and egg of others. The surrogate has no genetic connection to the baby.

Back 30

gestational surrogacy

Front 31

____ - creation of a genetic duplicate of an adult animal or human. The aim of this work is the live birth of an individual.

Back 31

Reproductive cloning

Front 32

____ - the manipulation of someones genetic material to prevent or treat disease.

Back 32

gene therapy

Front 33

____ - altering genes in a persons somatic (body) cells to treat an existing disorder.

Back 33

somatic cell gene therapy

Front 34

modifying genes in germ-line cells and zygotes and these alterations are inheritable.

Back 34

germ-line cell gene therapy

Front 35

____ is not just the freedom to have children but also the choice/ability to not have children.

Back 35

Procreative liberty

Front 36

____ – If all other things are equal (in terms of religious moral norms) we have a duty of beneficence towards the unborn to reduce diseases and increase positive traits

Back 36

Prenatal Beneficence

Front 37

____ – should be balanced against procreative autonomy with the end goal of selecting the life of greatest well-being.

Back 37

Procreative beneficence

Front 38

____ is the donation of gametes, either ova or sperm.

Back 38

Gamete donation