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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plant Needs: Leaves Stems Roots Vascular System |
Leaves: Collection and conversion of solar energy Stems: Positioning and support of leaves Roots: Anchorage and absorption Vascular System: Transport |
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Leaf Structure |
Epidermis -Cuticle ( waxy substance that retards water loss) -Guard cells (help with opening and closing the stomata) with stomata (pore that aids in gas exchange) Stomata can be found on top but usually on the bottom. Mesophyll (substance in the middle of the epidermis and the endodermis) -Parenchyma (unspecialized cells) -Dicots with palisade (more directly related to light dependent reactions) and spongy (more directly related to light independent reactions (dark cells)) Vein (vascular bundle) |
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Stem Structure |
Epidermis Cortex (between the bundles of vascular tissue and the epidermis) |
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Cortex |
-Collenchyma -Sclerenchyma Fibers Sclerids (nodule form of sclerenchyma) Scleros-means hard reinforced -Vascular Tissue Xylem Phloem Vascular bundles (houses the xylem and phloem) Procambium=vascular cambium Dicots have pith Monocots have ground parenchyma |
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Ground Tissue |
Collenchyma provides extra structural support, particularly in regions of new growth. Sclerenchyma cells have thick lignified secondary walls and often die when mature. Sclerenchyma provides the main structural support to a plant.
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Vascular Tissues |
Xylem (water, from the roots) Phloem (products of photosynthesis, from the leaves) |
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Xylem |
Dead upon reaching full development Tracheids Vessel member (element) |
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Phloem |
Sieve-tube member (element) (most alive members) Companion cell |
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Root Structure |
Epidermis with root hairs Roots hairs 1 cell thick -ase: enzymes Nitrogenase- enzyme made to break up N2 in plants. Cortex Endodermis with Casparian strips Stele: Middle section containing the xylem and phloem in dicots) Apoplastic pathway vs symplastic pathway |
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Apoplastic pathway vs symplastic pathway
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The apoplastic and symplastic pathways. Within a plant, the apoplast is the free diffusional space outside the plasma membrane. It is interrupted by the Casparian strip in roots, by air spaces between plant cells and by the plant cuticle.
Water in the apoplast pathway moves from cell to cell via spaces in the cellulose cell walls until it reaches the endodermis. At the endodermis, there is the 'apoplast block' - the cellulose cell walls of the cells of the endodermis have a substance called suberin which is impermeable and prevents the movement of water. The suberin makes up what is called the Casparian strip. At this point, all the water has to move into the vacuolar and symplast pathways. The function of the apoplast block is to prevent harmful substances from entering the xylem.The symplast pathway is where water moves from cell to cell in the cytoplasm via the plasma membranes and plasmodesmata. Water moves along the root by osmosis down a water potential gradient (as water moves into one cell, this cell then has a higher water potential than the adjacent cell, so water moves from cell to cell by osmosis). Water moves in this way along in the cytoplasm from the root hair cell to the endodermis. |
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Root Nodules |
Symbiotic bacteria: Nodules allow nitrogen in but doesn't let oxygen in. Relationship with bacteria for nitrogen fixation |
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Vegetative (asexual) reproduction |
Stems: Runner Rhizome Corm Tuber Bulb
Parthenogenesis Propagation |
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Plant Development |
After germination Upward growth (light cues) -epicotyl or coleoptile (leaves) -phototropism Downward growth -radicle or Hypocotyl (roots) -Gravitropism (growth response to gravity) *Little rocks that are in the roots that help pull them downward (statoliths) New elongation starts at the top for plants |
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Meristematic tissues |
-apical meristems (tip, top, elongations) -lateral meristems (Broader, Wider) -Three primary meristems -protoderm to epidermis -ground meristem to parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Procambium to xylem, phloem |
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Secondary Growth (adult tissues) |
Vascular Cambium -xylem inward -phloem outward Cork cambium -cork Wood -xylem -annual rings -heartwood (xylem clogged up, hardest part of the wood) vs sapwood (New xylem where water is still flowing through) Bark -phloem (handles sap) -cork cambium -cork -lenticels
Girdling plants (deadly to a tree, especially in dicots, if someone cuts a ring around the tree, damages the vascular cambium) |
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Exchange and transport |
Plants obtain gases, nutrients, minerals and water via internal fluids |
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Gas exchange |
Stomata, root and lenticels (cracks in the trees) |
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Internal transport |
Xylem and phloem Fluids move in xylem Adhesion, cohesion, evaporation and osmosis Theories of up movement Capillary action- doesn't move too far up Root pressure Transpiration pull (cohesion-adhesion-tension) (this is what happens in a tree) Fluids move in phloem Mass flow Source (leaves) vs sink (fruit) |
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Life within the soil |
Roots and soil Nitrogen uptake and fixation -abiotic fixation -biotic fixation: free-living vs symbiotic |
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Kingdom Animalia Metazoa |
Multicellular Heterotrophs Lack cell walls Two major groups "Invertebrates" "Vertebrates" Multicellularity advantages Large size Mobility Stable internal environment Relative independence from environment |
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Sponge Reproduction |
Asexual Regeneration Budding Gemmules: Fresh water sponges Sexual Dioecious (either male or female) Monoecious (hermaphrodite) |
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Sponge Classification |
Class Calcarea: Calcium carbonate spicules Class Hexactinellida: Glass Sponge (shrimp) *Class Demospongiae: Most sponges Class Sclerospongiae: Caribbean and caves |
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Nervous system |
Nerve net |
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Cnidae |
Nematocyst: a specialized cell in the tentacles of a jellyfish or other coelenterate, containing a barbed or venomous coiled thread that can be projected in self-defense or to capture prey. Spirocyst: a type of nematocyst (stinging cell) limited to the tentacles and oral disc of cnidarians, adhesive Ptychocyst: a special type of nematocysts found on burrowing (tube) anemones, which help create the tube in which the animal lives, tube construction |
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Branch Eumetazoa |
Grade Radiata Phylum Cnidaria General characteristics Mouth with tentacles No anus, but has gut Cnidae Diploblastic with organs
General morphology "Polyp" vs "Medusa"
Life cycle Metagenesis: the alternation of generations between sexual and asexual reproduction. |
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Cnidarian Classifications |
Class Hydrozoa (Nematocysts) Class Scyphozoa (nematocysts) Class Anthozoa (Nematocysts, Spirocyst, Ptchocyst) |
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Class Hydrozoa |
Medusoid or polypoid (dominant stage) "Hydromedusae" small Polymorphism Gastrozooid: For feeding Gonozooid (gonangium): For reproduction Dactylozooid: Nematocysts Skeletozooid: Help protect the body
Acellular mesoglea- very thin, no cells Cnidae in epidermis-only Hydra: polypoid metagenesis doesn't occur, polyp produces gametes Obelia "a hydroid" |
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"Hermit crab" hydroid |
Dactylozooid lashing |
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Physalia "Portuguese-man-of-war" |
Hydroid colony, modified medusa "A floating, polymorphic colony"
Fire corals Not a true coral, actual hydrozoan but looks like a coral, can sting has nematocysts |
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Class Scyphozoa (normal Jellyfish) |
(dominant Stage) Medusoid or polypoid "Scyphomedusae" large Cellular mesoglea Cnidae in epidermis and gastrodermis
Life cycle Scyphistoma Strobilation Ephyra: single animal juvenile stage Planula: sea lice Common "jellyfish" Cubomedusa "sea wasp" |
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Major features Symmetry |
Radial Bilateral |
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Class Anthozoa |
Polypoid only Cellular mesoglea Cnidae in epidermis and gastrodermis Septa (mesentaries) in gut Reproduction Sexual *Can somersault, swim, and crawl |
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Class Anthozoa Asexual reproduction |
Budding, fission (Longitudinal/transverse) |
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Embryology Cleavage patterns Cell fate |
Radial vs spiral
Indeterminate vs determinate |
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Developmental stages |
Morula Blastula with blastocoel Gastrula with blastopore to archenteron (gut) Germ layers: Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm
Coelom formation Schizocoely (to split) vs entercoely (inside)
Body cavity categories Coelom Pseudocoelomate Acoelomate
Fate of blastopore "Protostomes vs Deuterstomes" |
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Protostomes |
Mouth first, anus second |
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Deuterstomes |
Anus first, mouth second Ex: humans lol |
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Animal diversity |
Extinct vs extant Kingdom Animalia Branch Parazoa Branch Eumetazoa |
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Parazoans |
Poorly defined tissues Phylum Placozoa The most primitive metazoan |
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Phylum Porifera |
Sponges General characteristics Sessile Filter water through canal system Mostly marine |
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General morphology of Sponges |
3 body plans -asconoid -syconoid -leuconoid
Body layers Outer Porocytes (cells that create pores) Myocytes (Muscle cells)
Middle Spicules: Made up of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide) Spongin: (Squishiness or spongy of the sponge) Amoebocyte: stem cells Collencytes (may have nerve like functions)
Inner Choanocytes (ability to filter water for food) |
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Anthozoan Diversity |
Sea Anemones Corals Hermatypic Corals- hard corals With zooxanthellae Scleractinians or Hexacorallia- multiples of six Coral Bleaching Ahermatypic corals-soft corals Octocorals or Gorgonians-8 Sea pen Sea fan Sea whip |
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Phylum Ctenophora |
Medusa-like, w/o nematocysts (usually) 8 comb rows, with 2 tentacles (usually) Colloblasts- adhesive similar to spirocysts Two classes: Tentaculata and Nuda Cteno-tooth or comb |
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Branch Eumetazoa Platyhelminthes |
Grade Bilateria "Acoelomata" Phylum Platyhelminthes (penis fencing) General characteristics Dorso-ventrally flattened Cephalized Triploblastic Incomplete digestive system Protonephridia (flame cells) :First excretory system, kidney |
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Reproduction Platyhelminthes For Branch Eumetazoa |
Sexual (mostly hermaphroditic) Hypodermic impregnation Asexual Fission Regeneration
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Movement Platyhelminthes For Branch Eumetazoa |
Adhesive glands Releaser glands Taxis (light (away from) and current (towards the current) *movement response |
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Classification of Platyhelminthes |
Class Turbellaria Class Trematoda Class Cestoda |
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Class Turbellaria |
Free-living, small, mostly marine Rhabdites- same things as nematocysts |
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Class Trematoda |
Syncytium-modified body plan Suckers Complex life cycles w/alternating hosts Primary (definitive host) vs intermediate (vector, fishes, vegetation, snails) hosts "Chinese liver fluke" |
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Class Cestoda |
Parasitic "Tapeworms" Lack digestive tracts Scolex (attachment structures) and Proglottids (repeating segments) Pork and beef Tapeworms |
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Adaptations for Parasitism |
Adhesive organ Sense organs reduced Digestive tract reduced/lost Body wall protection Fecundity (reproductive output) increased Larval stages to facilitate passage from host to another |
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Phylum Nemertea (-tinea) (proboscis worm) |
"Ribbon" worms General characteristics Proboscis- feeding structure Cephalized Complete digestive tract (first animal to have one) Closed circulatory system- no heart Feeding structures Proboscis with stylet Rhynchodeum- opening of the rhynchocoel Rhynchocoel (proboscis cavity) Reproduction Sexual Asexual-Fragmentation (still acoelomate) |
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Pseudocoelomata "Aschelminthes" (sac or bag worm) |
Wormlike, parasites (mostly) Eutely-number of cells is the same in all individuals) Parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction where the egg isn't fertilized) |
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Phylum Rotifera
Parthenogenesis |
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Phylum Nematoda |
Roundworms Abundant, free-living and parasitic forms Unsegmented Longitudinal muscles and longitudinal whipping Cloaca- Common opening for 2 or more systems to leave the body one of which is digestive (always) poop, sperm or egg, and pee out the same hole |
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Nematode Parasitism |
Affecting most groups Edema: severe swelling Elephantiasis:refers to a parasitic infection that causes extreme swelling in the arms and legs. The disease is caused by the filarial worm, which is transmitted form human to human via the female mosquito when it takes a blood meal. The parasite grows into an adult worm that lives in the lymphatic system of humans Trichinella: attacks muscles, heart worm |
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Eucoelomata |
"Protostomia and Deuterstomia" Lophophorate animals "Protostomia or Deuterstomia" Coelom formation varies Blastopore fate varies Ribosomes protostome-like Lophophore: horseshoe looking feeding structure |
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Phylum Bryozoa (ectoprocta) |
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Phylum Brachiopoda |
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Phylum Phoronida |
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Phylum Mollusca Protostomes |
General characteristics Abundant, aquatic and terrestrial forms Body plan Soft parts: Mantle (forms the shell), head/foot, visceral mass (houses the internal organs) H.A.M.=Hypothetical Ancestral Mollusk Coelom Excretory system: Exam question: (Kidney=metanephridia=coelomoduct =Gonoduct) Circulatory system: Open vs Closed Shell: Periostracum, Prismatic layer, Nacreous layer (pearly layer, calcium carbonate) Reproduction: Trochophore larva, Veliger larva
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Classification of Mollusks |
Class Monoplacophora
Class Polyplacophora Class Gastropoda Class Bivalvia Class Scaphopoda Class Cephalopoda |
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Class Monoplacophora
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Thought to be extinct only mollusk to show segmentation Multiple gills, muscles, nephridia (kidneys) and gonads (Genus) Neopilina- Showed segmentations which relates them to annelida and Arthopods Living fossil: those that which up until a certain point were fossils, thought to be extinct, but living species were found Mono-Single Placo-Plate Phora-to have “Primitive group with a single, conical-shaped shell” |
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Class Polyplacophora
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Articulated shell- Not segmented "Chitons" Body segmentations are not based on the shells they are based on soft body tissues |
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Class Gastropoda |
Shell types: Planospiral vs Helicospiral Operculum and shell aperture Shell-loss forms: Nudibranch (can undergo torsion but when it realizes it doesn't have a shell can undergo detorsion)(can make it's own chlorophyll) Torsion and visceral mass Branche=Gills Uses the nematocysts from eating Cnidarians |
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Class Bivalvia |
Shell: Umbo, Hinge ligament (oldest part of the shell) Adductor Muscles (helps close the shell) Protractor vs Retractor Mantle cavity Siphon: incurrent vs excurrent Digestive system Bivalve Diversity Oysters and Pearl formation Scallop: eye spots Giant Clam: Uses zooxanthellae- provides food for them, they can't fully close, and they don't make food for themselves and live in shallow water Shipworm: boar into the wood, has a shell on its head. Freshwater clam Glochidia Larvae *Uses the foot to move |
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Class Scaphopoda |
"Tusk Shells" (down in the mud) Burrowing (hole in the top of the shell to have water flow in and out for respiration |
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Class Cephalopoda |
Head/foot "Squid (largest invertebrate, open swimmers, active swimmers, 10 tentacles) and Octopods (lives on the bottom, 8 tentacles)" Shell absent, reduced or spiraled Tentacles/arms with suckers Siphon- For propulsion "Intelligence" Eyes well developed Closed circulation Beak (with poison?) Ink gland Chromatophores: Visual cells, to match color Other cephalopods Cuttlefish Chambered Nautilus: Plain spiral Siphuncle: absorbs and releases gas to keep neutral buoyancy |
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Where is the Stomata normally located? |
Primarily can be found on the bottom of the leaf |
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Which one of the four cell types is most active metabolically when fully functional? |
Companion cells |
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Partheogenesis |
Development of an egg without fertilization |
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Propagation |
Where one part is cut off (lizard tail) and can grow back. Plants can grow stems (roots) back |
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Which fixation is least helpful for plants? |
Abiotic fixation |
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Zoa means? Meta means? |
Zoa- Animals Meta- Multi-celled |
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Taxonomic Names: Invertebrate Vertebrate |
Invertebrates: are not a true taxonomic name Vertebrates: True taxonomic name 50,000 extant species |
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Coral Reefs |
Ecosystem, most diverse and most productive in the world |
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Counter shading with fish |
Fish who don't live on the reef Bottom-light Top-darker |
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Circulatory System |
Open=very slow, snails Closed=very fast, cephalopod, octopus |
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Pearl formation
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When something comes in contact with the nacreous layer of the mollusk then calcium carbonate forms around it. Isn't really hard and can break easily |
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Plano (flat) spiral “These shells are coiled to form in a single plane, so that the coils can be seen from the side, but ifturned 90 degrees, the coils are not obvious.” |
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Helico spiral “These shells are coiled to form a cone shaped, spiraled shell” |
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Cnidarians |
First to evolve a nervous system |
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Circulatory System for Mollusks |
“Most molluskshave limited blood vessels. Thus, the blood interfacesdirectly with the tissues – this defines the Hemocoel”
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Shells for Mollusks |
Periostracum: “leathery,protein layer on the outside of “some” shells” Prismatic layer: “Perpendicularlayer of calcium carbonate” Nacreous layer: “Horizontallayer of calcium carbonate” “All three layers above areproduced by the mantle”
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Reproduction Of Mollusks |
Trochophore larva
Veligerlarva |
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Trochophore larva
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“Characteristic larval form found in many Mollusks, and in many other protostomes such as Annelids (this latter group will be discussed in Unit 4)
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Veliger larva |
“In many mollusks, the trochophore larva will transition into a veliger larva”
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Monoplacophora Neopilina
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This speciesrepresents a group that links mollusks with the annelids. Specifically, most extant mollusks are unsegmented, while annelids areobviously segmented. How then are mollusks and annelids closely related. Discovery of this “living fossil” (meaning ithas changed little since the earliest fossil forms) shows that some mollusksare/were segmented, as this species has segmented gills, muscles, nephridia andgonads” |
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Gastropoda: Operculum |
“Chitinous lid or cover for when the snail pulls itself back in the shell, this covers fits in the shellopening or Aperture perfectly" |
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Gastropoda Torsion &Visceral Mass |
“Most snails will undergo a 180
degree twisting during embryonic development to bring their shell forward for easier balance and movement (sort of like shifting a heavy bookbag higher up to keep yourself from falling backwards). Nudibranchs will also undergo torsion, but apparently because there is no shells will twist back to where they started. This return to the original position is called Detorsion |
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Bivalvia Shell: Umbo |
“First,thus oldest, part of the shell |
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Bivalvia Hinge Ligament |
“These musclesforce the shell to close. For “real” scallops, this is what we eat” |
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Bivalvia Protractor muscles |
“These musclespush the foot forward. Blood fills up thetip of the foot” |
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Bivalvia Retractor muscles |
“These musclescontract and pull the clam towards the expanded foot, thus enabling the animal to move forward” |
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Bivalvia Mantle cavity: |
“This cavity is where water enters and exits via specialmodified mantle tissue called “Incurrent & Excurrent Siphons |
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Bivalvia Digestive system:
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“Most of thevisceral mass is composed of digestive organs. For those who clams/oysters, bon appetit” |
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Bivalve Diversity: =Pelycypoda |
“Many oysters(and some other bivalves) will surround and cover foreign materials (such as parasites) withshell material. Specifically, the mantlewill produce abnormal nacreous shell to surround an object with calciumcarbonate. Pearl farms intentionallyplace an object under the nacreous layer for the bivalve to surround it withthe intention of producing the pearl gemstone” |
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Scallop: Eye spots:
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“Most scallops have distinct, multiple eyes on the edge of the mantle allowing them to see pretty well. When they see an object, they are likely tocontract and relax their adductor muscles rapidly, which allows them to swimaway from the potential danger” |
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Giant clam
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“These clams do not feed, but rather have zooxanthellaepacked into the edge of the mantle tissue. These dinoflagellates produce food for theseclams, which necessarily are found in shallow ocean waters to allow sunlightfor the symbiont to engage in photosynthesis.” |
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Shipworm
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“These wormlikeclams, using chemical secretions, feed on wood. Piers/pilings, wooden ships (at one the predominant materialused for boat construction), etc., are susceptible to these animals. Naturally they consume driftwood and otherwoody structures that either live or find their way into oceans.” |
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Cephalopods: Siphon
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“Usedto propel the animal quickly through the water column”
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Cephalopods: “Intelligence”
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“Oneof the more intelligent of all types of animals”
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Cephalopods:
Eyes well developed |
“Visionis an important component of their lives”
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Cephalopods: Closed circulation
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“Whereas mostmollusks have open circulatory systems,cephalopods have closed systems – likely because they havehigher metabolic needs based on the active, swimming lifestyle. Open systems are not very efficient, but workwell for more lethargic mollusks (snails, clams, etc.)” |
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Cephalopods: Beak (w/poison?)
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“Blue-ringedoctopus is one of the deadliest animals on Earth
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Cephalopods: Ink gland
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“These animalscan eject a cloud of ink, which confuses/distracts predators increasing the chances of survival for thecephalopod.” |
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Cephalopods: Cuttlefish
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“Squid-likeanimal that has an internal shell commonly called the cuttlebone - although it is not actually bone” |
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Cephalopods: Chambered Nautilus
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“Squid-likeanimal that lives in a planospiral shell, which is partitioned internally into gas-filled chambers used forbuoyancy. They are found in deep, dark, cold oceanic waters” |
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Cephalopods: Siphuncle
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“Thin tube of tissue that travels into each chamber of the Nautilus shell;responsible for producing gases used in maintaining neutral buoyancy |
