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445 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Fragmentation
 Fragmentation- describes the emergence of discontinuities in ecosystems and an organisms habitat -the process by which habitat islands form, where surrounding habitat changes either by human change or natural change.
Species number on islands
o Species number- Oceanic islands tend to have fewer species than similar sized areas on the adjacent mainland
Darlington's idea on why there is diminishing returns on islands ability to have diversity of species
o Higher Extinction rates: Smaller islands have higher extinction rates because they can support only smaller population sizes-rare. (Extinction rate decreases as you add more area.)
o Lower rates of colonization: Distant islands tend to have lower rates of colonization. Immigration rates decrease as distance from mainland increases.
Adaptive radiation:
What is it?
What needs to happen first before it can occur?
o Adaptive Radiation- refers to the pattern where several ecologically and morphologically diverse species with a common ancestor occur together (usually in an island chain).
 The idea is that ancestral species diversified to take advantage of unexploited ecological opportunities. The first step in such a scenario is increased population size of the colonizing ancestral species.
 With an increase in individuals, variability increases, and as variability increases natural selection can make directional changes in beak shape or size.
o Ecological Replacements
Islands often are missing whole groups of wildlife thus opens gaps for adaptive radiation. Thus, Darwin observed the general absence of terrestrial mammals on oceanic islands. Since, many terrestrial mammals are grazing herbivores this absence has enabled other species to evolve and fill these vacant niches.Aka Convergent evolution through adaptive radiation
 Endemic species-
-Native- in this context refers to a species that evolved on a particular habitat or area, and occurs naturally nowhere else.
o Flightlessness on Islands
Brian McNab has thoroughly researched the phenomenon of flightlessness and island existence. He argued that flightlessness is basically an adaptation to reduce energy expenditures, and resulted from lack of predators to prevent such an adaptation.
Major threats to island species
 Invasive species introduction
 Habitat alteration.
• Zoogeographic Regions-
Is the observation that the distributions of life forms often were based on geography as a result of evolutionary history. Noted by Alfred Wallace, a contemporary of Darwin.
o These regions each include more than one biome. Zoogeographic regions emphasize evolutionary rather than environmental characteristics. (Centers of Origin)
o The term habitat fragmentation includes five discrete phenomena
o Reduction in the total area of the habitat
o Decrease of the interior : edge ratio
o Isolation of one habitat fragment from other areas of habitat
o Breaking up of one patch of habitat into several smaller patches
o Decrease in the average size of each patch of habitat
Nestedness
-is a measure of order in an ecological system, referring to the order in which the number of species is related to area or other factors. The more a system is "nested" the more it is organized. So when it is fragmented each fragment will contain similar species depending on their location and size of the fragment. Results from differential rates of extinction as fragments have higher rates of extinction than recolonization.
o In order for a fauna to be nested 2 things must be true:
o All fragments of a certain size must have the same # species. The species are all the same in a fragment of that size. All 3 species fragments have the same 3 species.
o The collections of any fragment size must form the subset for the next largest fragment size. So a small 1 species fragment may be part of a 3 species fragment.
Non-nested
o With a non-nested distribution- they show up in a variety of fragments regardless of location and order (birds might be less nested).
SLOSS- Single Large or Several SMall
SHould we protect small areas?
o If an area fauna or collection species is perfectly nested, then the only way to save all the species would be to protect large areas; areas large enough to support all 10 of our original species.
o If the distribution of species is non-nested, then we should protect small fragments. So a random distribution=SS. Although most conservation biologists would argue that we should always try to save large areas of habitat, it just can’t be done sometimes.
Landscape linkages
-(Planning which focuses on connecting smaller fragments to larger pieces of habitat through habitat corridors.)
Douglas T Bolger, Allison C. Albert’s, and Michael E. Soule conducted a study of Chaparral birds in 1991
 HOWEVER, this was not the case. When they surveyed bird in a series of chaparral fragments isolated by suburban developments. Then they surveyed birds in a fixed plots of the same sizes that were embedded in a huge tract chaparral at a military base (Camp Pendleton). If the absence of a species from small fragments was just due to sample then by chance alone some of the tiniest fragments would support those species.
 The small fragments did not support species, and they found that extinctions in fragments are more common than recolonizations. The most abundant species persisted the longest in the smallest fragments, and this differential rate of extinction that creates Nestedness.
Time and Degree of Isolation of variables
Fragments that are just fragmented have more species, and as time goes on they settle on some lower equilibrium of species.
Degree of isolation is a notable variable, the farther away one is from larger patches, less species that can be supported (although some species will not even cross gaps)
WHy do species need more area? Why are plots preferable to fragments?
o Smaller fragments can support smaller populations, which are in turn more vulnerable to extinction.
o Smaller fragments have more relative amounts of edge granting more access to predators
o Smaller fragments have less energy (as food) to be accessed and utilized by the species.
Introduced species: as opposed to invasive
-: a non- indigenous species introduced an area by non-natural colonization (mostly human transport)- may or may not be invasive
Invasive species: as opposed to introduced
a species that disrupt by a dominant colonization of a particular habitat from loss of natural controls (i.e.: predators or herbivores) they alter the function and structure of the local ecosystems via overpopulation and dominant colonization.
MDC or LDC caused problem
o One interesting aspect of introduced species is that it appears to be mostly a problem caused by MDCs (more developed countries). (Immigrants, colonists, and trade)
o Red Tide
Advanced between the 1970s-1990- in the southern Hemisphere- this was attributed to globalization and increased shipping. Dinoflagellate in the ballast water would be released in new waters to cause havoc. (Red Tide is also associated with algal blooms which are harmful or color water.-
 RED Tide is a “harmful algal bloom” (HAB) or dinoflagellate invasive- Not all of them cause colorization, have nothing to do with tides, and are caused by a wide variety of algal species.
Why introduce mammals?
 Sport hunting: these are the ungulates
 Transportation- (one humped camel in Australia)
 Commercial fur trade as seen in members of the weasel family (Mustelidae).
 Accidents and stowaways- (these are just about all rodents) House mouse, black and brown rats.
IMpacts of Introduced species
Ecological impact: CAN cause disruption of structure, functions or processes in a way that destroys native wildlife and alters trophic levels.
Genetic impact: cause problems for native species for genetic reasons through interbreeding.
The Quagga Mussel was introduced from Eurasia to________ where it has been implicated in the formation of a "Dead Zone in Lake Erie.
Great Lakes
Tropical forests or savannahs for hunting?
o When it comes to producing animals that are hunted for their meat, tropical forests are only 1/20 as productive as savannahs.
• Many factors determine the feasibility of farming wildlife. They are?
o Biological Characteristics:
 Social behavior- social behavior affects the ease with which it can be farmed or kept in captivity. For example, it is easier to farm species that are naturally gregarious because they can be housed in groups or herds.
 Energy requirements:
• Suitable food must be inexpensive and easily available. Herbivores and grazers are the most economical to feed. Notice that domesticated species consume food that can easily be found or produced.
• Carnivorous species (alligators, cats) must be fed animal protein and may consume more than they produce.
 Reproductive rates
• To be a good candidate for wildlife farming a species should have a high reproductive output- factors like age of sexual maturity, litter size, and inter-birth interval all factor into this calculation.
• Some of these parameters can be adjusted by improving the diet. Animals fed higher quality diets will generally breed earlier. Litter size is more difficult to change and animals that produce a single offspring per litter are pretty much stuck at one.
 Growth Rates:
• Improving nutrition can increase growth rates. Small animals produce protein faster than larger animals.
• s
o Conservation issues related to farming and domestication?
 Demands on wild populations- In some cases wildlife farming operations continue to draw from the wild for years.
 Disease- crowed captive conditions can concentrate disease into a small area, allowing for rapid mutation. (Can spread disease to wild populations)
 Law enforcement-Wildlife farming complicates law enforcement. Wildlife farming operations are often a front for people laundering illegal trade in wild caught animals. It is impossible to tell if the bones of a tiger originated from an animal snared in the wild or a captive bred, “farmed” animal.

 Economic Considerations It is usually more cost effective to hunt wildlife rather than to farm it- at least until local wildlife populations disappear. (Negative externality- scarcity driven).
 Introduced Species Problem- Species suitable for farming are those with high reproductive rates, fast growth, and generalized diets. These same characteristics would enable species to become pests if introduced as non- native wildlife.
Definition
Farming
intensive husbandry of wild animals in confinement. May involve harvesting young or eggs from the wild.
Definition: Domestication
domesticated animals are those that breed readily in captivity and whose owners have some control over their reproduction.
Definition Ranching
management of animals that may be fenced but otherwise managed as wild.
• Human hunting is responsible for the decline of _____ of mammals and birds threatened with extinction
1/3
Subsistence hunting
hunting for food provision
Commercial hunting
hunting for the market, profit, and economic gain
Sustainable hunting-Two schools of anthropological thought
 Native people have been hunting animals for thousands of years without driving them to extinction. They were able to do this, the argument goes, because people were in tune with their surroundings, and lived in balance with their environment, often actively managing their resources.
 The Ecologically Noble Savage is a myth, and native people take what they need even if it depletes the resource. This side suggests that it was low population density and simple technology that allowed native people to hunt sustainably.
(Really it is a combination of each: To some extent, early humans did actively manage their resources, carving out hunting territories, burning to attract ungulates and shifting hunting camps when game became locally rare. , where human populations are low, and people hunt with primitive weapons and consume the meat locally; their impact on the ecosystem is modest and can often be viewed as sustainable. )
Impacts of hunting
o Hunting lowers population densities of hunted species. For tropical forest species, this mortality is largely additive to natural mortality. Mammal populations are reduced by 70% under light hunting and 95% under heavy hunting.
o Hunting reduces average body size of hunted species.
o Hunting can lower age of first reproduction in hunted species.
o Hunting can cause local extinction in vulnerable species- usually large bodied species with low intrinsic rates of natural increase.
o Hunting changes the composition of the biological community. Hunters prefer granivorous and frugivorous species- selection for these species can affect patterns of pollination, seed dispersal, and seed predation.
o Human hunting of ungulates can reduce the populations of predators.
• Characteristics that make species vulnerable or resilient to harvest.
o Species will low intrinsic (per capita- designated as r or rmax) rates of population increase are vulnerable to harvest. Primates and carnivores tend to have low rates for their body mass, while rodents and pigs tend to have high rates.
o Species whose nesting behavior, predator avoidance or social behavior is predictable are especially vulnerable because these characteristics allow easy harvest (IE communal nesting birds).
o Species that are intrinsically rare are vulnerable to harvest.
o Species that have the ability to re-colonize from other areas are more resilient to harvest.
o Species that favor disturbed habitats are often more resilient to harvest.
d
Sustainable Hunting: Originally commented on by Aldo Leopold can only occur if:
o Harvest must not exceed production
o Management goals must be clearly specified
o Biological, social, and political conditions must be in place to allow effective management.
Shift from sustainable to non-sustainable occurs from several factors
Nomads become sedentary
Population growth
Commercialization and market involvement
Technological change
INcreased incursion by outsiders
What is the PPM of CO2 past/presetn
o The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen from 280 ppm before the industrial revolution to 380-90 ppm today. This CO2 traps heat and has caused the earth to warm by more than half a degree.
Climate change and Biodiversity impacts
• CONSEQUENCES FOR BIODIVERSITY: Disappearing Wetlands- vulnerable to sea level rise-1 ft will eliminate 17-42% of wetlands in the US.
• CONSEQUENCES FOR BIODIVERSITY- Warming will be greatest in Sub-Arctic boreal forests of Siberia and N. America- melting ice and snow exposes darker surfaces + feedback- melt permafrost and shorten life cycle of bark beetle.
• Consequences for Biodiversity: Widespread ecological changes in the distribution of plants and animals. - Everything moves poleward, extinctions will occur
Colobus monkeys are the most
= Most arboreal Old World Monkeys
Classification for marsupials emphasizes their
foot and dentition structure (only 1/2 have pouches)
There are ___ families of marsupials in Australia.
15
Rhino are
Odd toed ungulate
Ocelot is indigenous to
Central America
The Dingo is not a ____
Marsupial
Mountain lions and _____are the same Species.
Florida Panthers
Tenrecs are
insectivorous mammals limited to Madagascar
Wilson and Reeder classify marsupials into ___orders
7 Orders
40% of mammal species are
Rodentia
Mammals have _______ _______ Jaw articulation
dietary squamosal
There are bears and Africa (T/F)
True
The only mammals that lay eggs are the
Monotremes
Tapir like the Rhino is an
odd toed ungulate
There are _____ families of Marsupials in Africa.
0 zero
Pigs are most closely related to
deer
Waterbuck is actually not found in Africa, but rather SE Asia (T/F_
False
__ families of marsupials in S. America
3
Mammals have a _____dentition
Heterodont
Richard Kilifie found a realtionship between frequency of forest fires and the amount of
black fur of Fox Squirrels
Desert dwelling antelope in Africa of interest is _____.
Addax
Mammals have __ occipital condyles
2
New World Monkey is the
Capuchin
Okapi is
a forest dwelling close relative of giraffe
Odd toed ungulates typically have less efficient digestive systems than even toed ungulates (T/F)
True
Virgina opossum arrived in N. America in the
Pliocene
Otters are part of the same family as
Fishers
Mammals have how many cervical vertebrae?
7 cervical vertebrae
Pronghorn is the
sole member of its family
Only ___ of marsupials have pouches
1/2
Roan Antelope is a
African Antelope of tall grass
Modern insectivores most like
first mammals
Orangutans native to
Southeast Asia
Wolverines in the same family as the ______
Fisher
Zebra is a
Odd toed ungulate
3 species survived the order of
Monotremata
Short Midgrassland is the habitat of the
Hartebeast
Sloths adapted a diet on
leaves
Dorcas gazell are
rocky-semi-desert dweller
Schimit's spot notsed Guenon is an Old World Monkey species (T/F)
True
Zebra is a ____
Hindgut forager
Meerkats native to the
Kalahari Desert
Platyhrrhini include the ______ and ________
New Monkeys and Marmosets
Aye- Aye is a secretive species of Strepsirrhini Native to Philippines. (T/F_
False
Lemurs belong to
Strepsirrhini
Neanderthals and Modern humans did coexist (T/F)
True- did coexist
Lorises belong to the
Strepsirrhini family
Lemurs reach their greatest diversity of species in :
Madagascar
Opposable thumb is a trait seen in this Primate group:
Catarrhini
Homo floresiensis fossils were discovered in
Indonesia
Neanderthals adapted to eating :
large mammals
Homo ergaster gave rise to ___ lineages
3
Neanderthals were genetically distinct from modern humans. (True/False)
True
Strepsirrhini broke off the main Primate lineage during the ____ period.
Cretaceous
Dryopithecus was a fossil ape that inhabited
Spain
Most recent fossils for Neanderthals show they died out about _____years ago.
27000
Limb structures of Dryopithecus are similar to
Modern Orangutans
Pollex is a term for the
Thumb equivalent
Hallex is a term for the
big or great toe equivalent
Haplorrhini have ____noses
dry
Australopithecus Fossil called "Lucy" was discovered in
Ethiopia
Gibbons are part of the same family as humans. (T/F)
False
There are __species of Marmosets.
26
Dryopithecus died out about ______ years ago.
8 million
New World Monkeys colonized the New World during the ____ period.
Tertiary.
Ardipithecus Kadabba is the oldest member of the human tribe. (T/F)
True
Members of genus Paranthropus had a specialized diet of
roots/tubers.____
Gibbons are part of the ____ group.
Catarrhini
New World Monkeys have ___________thumbs.
Non-opposable thumbs
Aye-Ayes use a specialized 3rd digit to
tap on wood to detect insects.
Habilis is the oldest species in the genus Homo. T/F
True
Tarsiers today are limited in distribution to the New World Tropics. (T/F_
False
Neanderthal gestation period was hypothesized to be ____months.
11-12
Sivapithecus fossils were found in
India
Aethiopicus were the 1st spcecies of the genus
Paranthropus
Tarsiers are the oldest primate group t/f
True
Oldest species of Ardapithecus occured ___ years ago.
5 million
Koala in Australian Zoogeographic region fills the niche of sloths (folivory) in Neotropics. (T/F)
True
The first step in adaptive radiation is:
Increase of population size: because it leads to more diversity in genes in population and thus more variety to adapt to new niches.
On Madagascar the ______ is a tree climbing predatory species of the Old World Weasel family. Viverridae.
Vassa.
Extinction rates are higher on islands and fragments when area is :
area is smaller.
1970s there was _____ of Tinamous introduced to Washington State from South America for sport hunting.
12,000
Darwin's finches are an example of a population that's undergone ____ ______ in islands.
Adaptive radiation.
Species that occur in one place in and are not known to occur anywhere else are:
Endemic- in this context refers to a species that evolved on a particular habitat or area, and occurs naturally nowhere else.
Half of all oceanic islands were NOT formed as a result of
continental drift
Habitat destruction was the main effect of introduced ____ on islands.
pigs
There are some scattered grassland habitats in Oriental Zoogeographic region. (T/F)
True
Tortoises filled niche of large grazing herbivores on
Islands near the equator
Darlington observed a relationship between species number and
island area.
Zoogeographic regions based on
Evolutionary history

Not biomes
Flightless cormorants are native to the
Galapagos islands
_____ ______ ___ on Guam has been implicated as a major agent for extinctions in forest birds.
Brown Tree Snake.
_____ came up with Zoogeographic regions.
Wallace
WIdow birds native to
Ethiopian Zoogeographic region
Vassa forages on
Lemurs
Islands in general are characterized by having _____ _____ rates.
High extinction
Tropics of New Guinea have ____species of native monkeys.
0 zero
Wombats of Australia are convergent with ______ of N. America.
groundhogs
Atkinson argued that ___ were a major threat to Hawaiian forest birds as an introduced species.
Rats
Pigeons and doves on islands have commonly shifted their diets toward feeding on more ______.
Fruit
Flying Foxes (Order Dermoptera) are indigenous to the _______Zoogeographic regions.
Oriental
Tortoises survive today in the India ocean only on island of Aldabra. (T/F)
True
The Fairy Wrens are native to the ________ Zoogeographic Region.
Australasian
____ was essentially a flightless pigeon in Mascarene Islands.
Dodo
Numbats feed almost exclusively on ____ ___ ______.
Ants and Termites
Sloths and anteaters are toothless. (t/F)
False
Neartic zoogeographic region shares several groups of birds and mammals with the ______Zoogeographic regions.
Palearctic
The vassa is an ecological replacement for ____.
Cats
Elephant bird native to _____
Madagascar.
Elephant shrews found only in _____ Zoogeographic region.
Ethiopian.
Leafbirds found in the _____ Zoogeographic region.
Oriental
Golden Moles found in _____ Zoogeographic region.
Ethiopian
The opposite of completely random distribution pattern is a completely____ one.
Nested
The chief predators of small woodland birds in teh Piceance Basin are
Hawks
Smaller fragments tend to have relatively more _____, which can increase predator pressure.
Edge- outer rim area allows more opportunities for entry.
Neotropical migrants are not all ______ ______.
Passerine birds
Once the Pinyon Juniper woodland was cleared, the area was seeded with _________ __________.
Crested wheatgrass
Bolger and his team did not explicitly test the idea that fragment age was important. (T/F)
True
Since the construction of tunnels under Alligator Alley there have been _____ Panther mortalities due to vehicle collisions along this road.
Zero
The idea that corridors serve as landscape linages came from _______.
Harris.
Bolger and colleagues tested the notion that a pattern of nestedness might be due to simply _______.
Sampling.
Land managers cleared pinyon-juniper woodland in the Piceance basin using chaining and burning. (T/F)
True
IN completely nested fauna, the best strategy would be to protect a single _________ _________.
Large area.
Bolger and his team did not explicitly test the degree of isolation of a fragment age was important. T/F
True
In the Piceanace basin area, some bird species of the Pinyon Juniper Woodland would not cross
even the smallest cleared areas.
If the bird fauna in a series of fragments is nested then the mammals and flowering plants would not also have to be:
nested
The most vehicle caused black bear deaths occurs in the _____ -_____ ______ area.
Ocala national forest
The Black bear is an example of a species that is endangered by_____ in Florida.
Roads
The smaller fragments of habitat might not support a species, the FWC and DOT did what?
Built tunnels under some roads.
In a completely nested pattern, all the three species fragments would have the
same 3 species.
The Piceance basin is in:
Western Colorado
Bolger and his colleagues studies the distribution of ____ in chaparral fragments and plots.
Birds
BOlger and his team found teh effect of reducing area of habitat was
greater in fragments.
Between 1976 and 2004 and _____ bears were killed on Florida roads.
1356
Sea Lampreys invaded the Great lakes following the
Construction of canals.
English colonists introduced the _____ ______ into Lake Victoria.
Nile Perch
Burmese Pythons in the Everglades National park were likely introduced by _____ ______
Private citizens with pets
According to Moulton there are fewer examples of Introductions to LDC's than MDC's. (T/F)
True.
The ____ _____ ________ is an example of a mammal introduced to control rats in cane fields on Caribbean islands and in Hawaii.
Small Indian mongoose
The _____ ______ was introduced from Eurasia to the Great Lakes where it has been implicated in the formation of a Dead Zone in Lake Erie
Quagga mussel
The Eurasian Collared Dove spread all over Europe after it was introduced to :
Turkey
Accroding to a book by Meshaka, there are __ introduced species of gecko in Florida.
13
As many as 38 species of passerine birds were relased in Tahiti for
aesthetic reasons.
The Eurasian Collared Dove came to the United Sates when it was intentionally introduced to Central Park in NYC. T/F
False
According to Michael Huston, species from _____ seem to dominate the invasion process.
Eurasia
Green Crabs were introduced in the US from
Europe
The ___ ___ ____ is a small (3 in) introduced species that eats the same foods as several NA crabs.
Asian Shore Crab
As many as 11 species of deer have been introduced to ___ _____ for recreational hunting.
New Zealand
Green Crabs were forest reported on the West Coast of the US in:
1989
THe only surviving wild population of one humped camels occurs in _______.
Australia.
Zebra mussels were first seen in the US in ____ ___ ____ in 1988.
Lake St. Clair
The Majority of introduced bird species are invasive and spread great distances from their point of introduction. (T/F
False
According to Lever's book on naturalized mammals the highest number of mammal species has been introduced to
New Zealand
____ ____ were introduced to Laysan Island to produce a food supply for future visitors to the island.
Guinea pig
According to Long's book on introduced birds the highest number of bird species has been introduced to _______.
Hawaii
____ _______ were introduced to Bermuda to control introduced Anolis lizards.
Great Kiskadees
According to an Ohio State University Report, _____ once were commonly introduced to the US in bunches of Bananas.
Tarantulas
A dinoflagellate species that causes red tides was introduced to _______in ship's ballast.
Tasmania
Zebra Mussels may concentrate toxins in their tissues that ultimately poison certain species of ___ ___
diving ducks
Ladybirds beetles were introduces to _______ to control a leaf scale insect that was destroying native cedar trees.
Bermuda
____ ____ were introduced to Cane Fields in Australia to control cane grubs.
Cane Toads
Red-billed Leiothrix introduced to Hawaii from
China
Colonists from England brought house sparrows to
Hawaii
Sustainable use of alligators generates ______ a year
$60 million
Most examples of successful wildlife ranching operations are confined to ____ ____ __ ____ regions.
Tropical and temperate savanna
Pacas are tropical _____
rodents
In tropical forest areas, all indications are that wildlife farming for meat is economically viable compared with hunting or farming domesticated species . (T/F)
FALSE
If you were to farm wildlife, ____ would be most cost effective
Capybara
The ____ is the most valuable part of the Capybara carcass
skin
Captive populations can act as a reservoir for diseases that can spread to
wild populations
Barking Deer are candidate species in ____ for farming.
Asia
Wildlife ranching operations often combine the sales of hides and licences to hunt with the sale of ______.
Meat
To be a good candidate for wildlife farming a species should have a:
high reproductive rate
Origins of domestic stock date back ______ years
12,000
Tropical forests are about ____ as productive as savannahs.
1/10
The reproductive efficiency of Capybara is ____ times that of cattle.
6 (six)
Flying foxes are threatened with extinction because they are considered a delicacy. (T/F)
True
It is not usually more cost efficient to farm wildlife than to hunt it. (T/F)
True
Wildlife farming complicates law enforcement (T/F)
True
People in the World's tropical forests have little or no tradition of raising domestic livestock (T/F
True
Some Venezuelan ranch owners are more inclined to protect wetlands because they support capybara (T/F)
True
Species most suitable for farming have some of the same characteristics as species that might become :
pests or invasive
The large flying fox is not indigenous to :
Africa
Flying foxes are poor candidates for farming because they have :
Low Biological productivity
It takes ___ months to produce one ton of cattle.
14
Chinese soft shelled turtles have become pests in ___ where they were introduced
Malaysia
Long term studies show that alligator populations remain stable even when as many as __ of nests are collected for ranching.
50%
____ ____ ____ is not a S. American candidate species for farming.
Helmeted Guinea Fowl
One ton of rabbits can be produced in
3 months
It is easier to farm species that are naturally _____ because they can be housed in groups.
Gregarious
Capybara were officially classified as _____ by the Roman Cathloic Church.
Fish
____ of cane rat farmers in Ghana rely on wild stock for breeding animals.
90%
Alligators are farmed and ranched on a large scale in Florida and in ______.
Louisiana
The "Grass cutter" is a species of ______ indigenous to Africa.
Rodent
Scientists conducted domestication experiments on Paca in _____.
Panama
It is legal to hunt alligators in Florida. (t/f)
True
Frugivores like the ____ are popular as wild game but difficult and expensive to farm.
Paca
American alligators are listed on Appendix II of CITES to help control the trade in
Look a like species.
In 1944 the state of Florida introduced legislation to protect:
alligators
Primate populations in Equatorial Guinea have been reduced by ___ in some areas.
90%
According to the IUCN Red List Human hunting is responsible for the decline of ___ of the mammals and birds threatened with extinction
1/3
Hunters _____ population density of hunted species.
Lowers
Many markets in INdochina now only sell birds, bats, and frogs because _____ ___ ___ _____ ___
Large animals are nearly gone.
Human hunting _____ ___ increase the population of predators.
does not
A major difference betwene European and North American system of wildlife management is that in Europe the wildlife belongs to the
Landowner- privatized commons
Leopold's classic treatise on game managements argues for the use of natural resources without destroying the possibility of future generations using them. (t/f)
True
An unexpected consequence of the bushmeat trade is the threat to plant species that depend on animals for
pollination and seed dispersal.
For tropical species the mortality from hunting is largely _____ to natural mortality.
additive
Subsistence hunting occurs when hunters sell the animals they kill to other people living in the same village. (T?F)
False (comm)
Hunting can lower the age of ___ ____ in hunted species.
first reproduction
Species that are vulnerable to local extinction are usually
large bodied
For the sake of bushmeat discussion, ___ kinds of hunting are defined.
2
Communal nesting birds are especially vulnerable to
harvest
In the DRC, the duiker population has declined ___ due to subsistence hunting.
43%
According to Moulton, early hunters probably helped wipe out ___ in New Zealand.
Moas
One of the major factors that causes a shift to non-sustainable hunting is when nomadic tribes becomes ________.
Sedentary
Hunters often select for ______ and______ species, which can change the composition of the biological community.
Granivorous and Frugivorous
In Indochina, many large animals have been almost eliminated by hunting. (T/F)
True
Leopold's model of resource use was based on management of upland game populations, habitat management and _____ __ _______.
Control of hunting
Species with ____ intrinsic population increase are less resilient to harvest.
low
Rodents, Pangolins, and Primates make up ____ of the bushmeat taken in West and Central Africa.
1/4
Wire snares and shotguns allow people to be more _____ and less ______
Effective, Discriminating
Sustainable hunting occurs when people hunt for the sole purpose of providing for themselves and their families (T/F)
False
The bushmeat trade in primates is causing concern because of new strands of an HIV like virus who eat DUIKERS. (T/F)
False- Primates
Species are more resilient to harvest if they can ______ _____.
Recolonize easily
_____is a wildlife trade monitory network of the IUCN and WWF
TRAFFIC
Most observations of climate change responses in plants and animals have involved alterations in species phenologies. Phenology is the study of:
timing of event or natural phenomena
Global warming controversy is largely a ------debate.
political
The majority of GHG are produced by______ ____ ______
burning fossil fuels.
Driving a car generates more GHG than almost anything you do. T/F
True
Reducing carbon emission can help to reduce
GW
The 2006 Stern Report estimates it will cost ___ of global GDP to stabilize the effects of global warming.
1%
According to a 2006 study by Camille Parmesan, the recent relatively mild climate change of .6 degrees C has impacted___ of all wild species.
41%
Some reptiles exhibit temperature ____ _______
sex determination
The US forest service is under the Department of
Agriculture
Major GHG associated with GW is
CO2
People in the Philippines were over harvesting __ ____
Sea horses
Recent climate trends in mountainous areas in Central and South America have produced optimal conditions for ___ _____ which is the likely cause of amphibian extinctions.
Chytrid fungus
THe ___ ____ ____ __ was the last species of bird described in the US.
Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow
_____ ______ _______ is a group of bird species that is severely impacted by the size of protected areas.
Forest Interior Nesters
In the US a rise in sea level will have the greatest impact on
Louisiana and FLorida
Increasing spring temperatures have caused teh annual first dates of calling by frogs in New York to ___ ______ by 10-13 days.
be earlier- 10-13
the cue for pied flycatchers to begin their migration from Africa to Northern Europe is not based on temperature but
Day length
Scientist are able to compare levels of GHG from 1000s of years ago with present day levels by analyzing
Ice cores
GHG such as CO2 regulate our climate by trapping heat and holding it like a warm blanket around earth. This is known as the :
Green House effect
At polar latitudes, declines in the abundance of____ have affected a wide range of species from seabirds to marine animals.
Krill
Terborgh claims that _____ are harmful to tropical birds.
Roads
SPring in Alaska now arrives ____ weeks earlier than in 1950.
2 weeks
The USFWS has created ______ _____ to help conserve the Concho River water Snakes.
artificial riffles.
The Concho River Water snake is listed as
Threatened
Global Warming will seriously impact Florida because it has
lots of low lying areas
Many species of Cloud Forest Frogs have declined or gone extinct in Costa Rica. t/f
True
The US agreed to the Kyoto Protocol t/f
False
Effects of global warming will be felt most severely in developed nations. t/f
false
Cathi Campbell found that humans were harvesting large numbers of Green Sea Turtles off the coast of
Nicaragua
US per capita of CO2 is __ tones compared to teh average of __ tones per person with the rest of teh world.
22 tones compared to 6 tones
Methods for conserving biodiversity include reducing
carbon emission
The ___ __ ___ helped restore populations of water birds in the NY harbor.
Clean Water Act
Tortuguera was established as a protected area for
Sea Turtles
Tortuguera is a protected area in
Costa rica
GW will be greatest in ______ _____ ______ of Siberia and North America
Sub-arctic Boreal Forests
If no action is taken to reduce GHG emission scientists predict that the planets average temperature will increase by ____ degrees in 50 years.
2-3
Levels of several important GHG have increased by about ___ % in the last 150 years.
25%
As rising temperatures disrupt natural systems most species will be able to migrate or change their behavior. T/f
True
Scientist have concluded that human consumption of ____ ___ is the major driving force of GW
Fossil fuels
Water birds of several species have increased in NY harbor
True
The temperature of the ___ ____ determines sex of alligator hatchlings.
nest cavity
The climate is changing uniformly across the globe t/f
False
The Dusky Seaside sparrow originally occurred in
Florida
The US park service is an agency the Department of
the Interior
SSP is a
computerized mating system for zoo animals
Sound Hunting technique=
true
Reintroduction is not viable for species threatened with extinction t/f
true
Most successful reintroduction programs were of this species
Arabian Oryx
Leaves also produce ____ to discourage leaf eaters
chemical/toxins
Folivores must conserve energy whenever possible thus often tend to be _____ when moving.
SLow
Duplication of body shapes, functions, and behaviors in unrelated animals due to similar niche ecology is known as
convergent evolution
Humans find flattened faces much more appealing than long pointed snouts t/f
true
1960s, the dominant item in zoo news was
baby animals
WIlliam Conway estimated that the zoo ark would have room for less than _____ species
1000
Least successful reintroduction programs were of the
European barn owl
United States first attempt to reintroduce an animal to the wild involved __ __
plains bison
Value of snow leopard skin is ____ times higher than Krygyzstan minimum wage.
60
Some folivores use ____ as a way to save energy. (COmm)
Loud calls
Animals on three continents have independently evolved spines as a strategy of protection. t/f
True
Leaf eaters typically produce one small offspring which is dependent on mother t/f
true
Harp seals are an endangered species (T/f
false
A-ger is a
round felt tent
Capybara is native to
South America
Female gopher tortoise will need ____ to produce another clutch
2 years
Many species known to be keystone to their ecosystem are often
Unobtrusive, rare, or little known about them
Captive bred animals may not be best candidates for reintroduction
True
Every year over 100 million people visit North American zoos
True
Every year over 100 million people visit N. America zoos t/f
true
Orangutans native to
Borneo and Sumatra
Most common reason why some many creatures cannot be reintroduced
Habitat is gone- destroyed
Capybara females produce __ times more offspring (than cows- what?)
5
SLoths and folivores use _______ ___ to raise their body temperature to normal
solar heat
Adult snow leopard is roughly the size of
Golden Retreiver
Extirpation of moutain lion on Barro Colorado Island, Panama linked to teh extinciton of
Ground nesting birds
Bananas, Cashews, Mangos, and Durian rely on ____ for pollination.
Bats
Large head, large eyes, rounded body trigger a human urge to
nurture and protect
Koalas, Kapapos, Indri Lemurs, sloths are leaf eaters and thus
folivores
Snow leopards are often forced to kill domestic livestock because local people come into their territory and displace other prey or take other resources t/f
true
Sea otters eat many of these harmful grazers in kelp forests ?(not harmful they just serve as negative feed back for this guy)
Sea Urchins
Capybara are giant, semi-aquatic
rodents
Dr. Ben Beck reported attempted reintroductions of ____ succeed.
16%
Critics of Capybara harvest charge that ___ _ ___ __ ____
Method of kill is cruel (lies)
SPecialized stomach, slow locomotion are leaf eaters adaptation to
Low energy diet
Hoatzins and kakapos are folivorous______
birds
Centerpiece of zooprograms, animal displays emphasizing
education
Capybara are more efficent at converting grass to protein (t/f)
true
Ben Beck reintroduction program is considered successful when it creates
a self sustaining population of 500
Developing nations surivial of rhinos and elephants is directly related to the amount of money spent on____
protection
Stephan J. Gould t/f
true...w/e
Serious leaf eaters have leaf digesting bacteria in gut that they must pass through sharing food t/f
true
Creating conservation policy based on cuteness is not good policy unless said cute species ___ ___ ____ __ ______
Require large areas of habitat.
Tortoise burrow provides refuge for various species.
True- is considered keystone
ANimals that have already produced enough young or those that are hybrids between subspecies cannot be used for SSP
surplus
Heavy, hook like claws, sticky tongue, and rudimentary teeth are traits of
ant eating species
Most evocative features of a cute animal are
large eyes
Serval cats can't hunt in windy weather t/f
true- disrupts hearing and jump
Flying requires enormous amount of energy so birds that feed on leaves are
gliders or flightless
Penguis, Koalas, Giant pandas, apes
true....what?
WIth proper control, harvesting capybara encourages ranchers to preserve wetland habitats (t/f
true
Golden lion tamarins are
primates
Other characteristics besides cuteness can make a species more attractive, one main one is
Large size- ie whales
Impoverished herders have a
true story
Low survival rates of young due to captivity is due often to
inbreeding
first factor to consider for action for (reintroduction?)
if the original causes of decline are still present
Long legs, long neck, large ears on serval and maned wolf are for
Pinpointing location
Mongolia low cost incentives for protection of Snow Leopard were just offering villiage
clothes and flour
Capybaras attain their greatest density
Venezuelan W/e (this is so T's making)
John Terborgh rainforest plants=
12
Koalas and sloths save energy by spending hours motionless, how many?
22
Highly dependent on the gopher tortoise- are:
Gopher Frog and Florida Mouse
Reintroduction of orangutans from illegal pet trade is ill-advised because
habitat is at full capacity
Fish in Africa and South America use ___ ___ to find prey or are affected by
electrical signals
Capybara's high reporductive rate allows them to be harvested ____ of population at a time
30%
Black footed ferret, red wolf, Spix macaw sadly cannot
survive without captive breeding
60% of all potential snow leopard habitat is in
China
Keystone speices in New WOrld forests is____ which feeds many animals
figs
International Snow Leopard Trust
Identify ways to reduce deaths of snow leopards
Tropical rainforests are home to ___ of the earths species.
1/2
___ % of sunlight reaches the floor of a tropical rainforest
2
One Species( macarangas) of plant grows as much as _____ per year
8m
Most animal life in tropical rain forests if found in the canopy t/f
true
Figs are produced year round t/f
true
Gibbon calls carry more than a mile t/f
true
On average rainforest receive ___ of rain per year
2 m
There are thought to be on million speices of fungie in a rain forest t/f
true
Ants in the rainforest may be infested with spores form Cordyceps a parasitic fungus t/f
true
Colubos feed on
young leaves
Insects that become trapped in a pitcher plant may be preyed on ___ ___ ____ that live in the plant.
Red Spider crab
Bongos and Forest buffalo seek ___ in the forest clearing for minerals and toxin removal.
clay
____ are canniablisitic in Uganda
Chimps
Whale shark is the largest fish t-f
true
whale shared has come to ___ in February to feast on plankton
Coast of Venezula
The _____ shark specialize in feeding in empty ocean
Oceanic Whitetip shark
Pilot fish feed on
WHitetip shark scraps
A group of ____ dolphins is seen in show
500
Cory's shearwaters and Dolphin near Azores feeding on
Scad Mackerel
A ____ with its feathered leg like appendages fed on the "marine snow".
Sea spider
marine snow is
falling detritus from above
Clouds of___ provide energy for a certain type of bacteria.
Sulfides
Site called 9 north a spectacular array ____ occurs at a depth of 1 1/2 miles.
Tubeworms
An ___ may prey on the Nautilus
Octupus
Sea stars are close relatives to Nautilus t/f
False (No squid /oct)
Frigate birds come to nest on Boatswain Bird Island, an islet near __ _____ ___
Ascension island coast
Green Sea Turtle eggs mostly hatch at night (T?F)
False
Sailfish must eat every day
True
Geladas have the ____ ____ of any primate
strongest fingers
Walia Ibex are on guard when Geladas are near by.
True
ANdes are home to
Puma
Grizzlies are seen foraging for ___ on a steep rocky slope.
moths
THe long tail of the snow leopard is an adaptation for balance.
True
Gaint pandas feed almost entirely on
bamboo
Golden snub nose monkeys live at the highest elevations of any monkey.
True
Musk deer are found in
Himilayas in the summer
MIlk of the Giant Panda is rich in fat, which enables the cub to grow more rapidly than any other bear species.
False
Demoiselle cranes must fly over the Himilayas during their migration
True
The ___ has a flattened body adapted for life in fast flowing water
green worm something
Giant salmanders have excellent low light eyesight.
False (sensory node for pressure)
SMooth coated otter is indigenous to
Indian river
Smooth coated otter cubs begin learning to catch fish when they are _ old
4 months old
Nile Crocodiles rely on ___ to return to feed on migrating WIldebeest.
memory
All the species of Cichlid fish in Lake Malawi evolved from ancestral species.
False
Cloud spirals that from at the surface of Lake Malawi are actually formed by
Flys
___ % of species in Lake baikal are found nowhere else in teh world.
18%
The main scavenger in lake Baikal is
Crustican like shrip
COmpetition for mates among male botos is stiff
true
FIgs that drop into waters of the Amazon are food for fish.
True
Sunderbans is in the
Ganghes river
Cave glow worms use their silken strands for
fishing for prey
Each cave glow worm produces dozens of silken strands
true
Since there is no sunlight energy the cave system is run on energy from bat droppings
True
GIant centipeds in Deer cave feed mostly on
Roaches
Wrinkle nosed bats in deer cave is based on seniority of bats, oldest choosing the favored position.
False
Cave swiftlets use sense of touch to navigate teh cave t/f
false -sonar
Cave swiftlets nest on bare rock ledges in the cave.
True
Demoiselle fish in sea caves in the Poor Knight islands of
New Zealand
Cave salamanders detect prey using
Skin receptors detect movements in the water
Cave angel fish feed on bacteria.
True
Cave salamanders must eat every day to survive
False
The food chain in Villia Luz Cave is based on
Chemistry of sulfuric acid