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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Major Eutherian Lineages
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Afrotheria
Xenarthra -Sloths Euarchontoglires - rodents and bunnies |
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Australian Marsupials
Tazmanian Devil Bandicoot Koala |
Dasyurid
Parameloid Diprotodonts |
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S=cA^z
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z=slope
c= fitted constant A=area S=#of species |
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Energetic model of body size (BMT model)
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-Body size distribution are set by energetic requirements of species
-Smallest individuals are efficient in converting resources into reproductive effort -But are limited by rate of acquisition -large individuals are better at acquiring resources but they can produce fewer offspring |
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Latitudinal diversity gradient
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Species richness decreases rapidly from the equator to the poles
- Very common pattern in both marine and terrestrial biota -Few groups show the reverse trend |
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more species in the tropics
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Density dependent mortality
-Area Hypothesis (more land around equators) -Species –energy hypothesis -cradle vs museum evolutionarily it's been there longer |
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how do humans shift baseline - ex?
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pollution
climate change over fishing/hunting introduced species habitat destruction black abalone california lobster |
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sister group to mammals
mammals ancestor that is a therapsid -other group that shares synapsis condition |
hadrocodium wui
cynodont pelycosaurs |
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bird characteristics
bird ANCESTOR |
archaeoptrex
keeled sternum w/ pectoralis and supracidous muscles beak gizzard feathers pneumatic bones AVIAN SKULL perching foot archeaoptrex has most with scales and triangular head too |
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Adaptations for processing high volumes of food
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multiple dino lineages have 2nd palates. endotherms rely on food to provide energy so they must be able to efficiently eat a lot because they need more energy inputs
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What is the sister group to dinos
what are three characteristcs |
Lagosuchus - which were bipedal suggesting this was a primitive trait
3 or more sacral vertabrae rear facing shoulder joint open hip joint |
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two types of dinos hips
snakes are in what family |
orinsincia - bird hip
sauricia - lizard hip -birds derive from the latter squamata = colubridae - snake family |
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Diapsids include
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Archosaurs
Pseudosuchia Orinsuchia Lepidosaurs Squamata |
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Anapsids
Shape of necks |
Turtles
Pleurodira - side mov't Crypodira - S shaped |
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Alligatorae
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Alligators
Crocs Galvalidae |
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Sphenodontida
Gekkotans |
Lizard like stout bodied reptiles w/ large heads and thick tails
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extinction...go!
List things that make u more likely to be extinct and the processes |
Causes of extinction
*Stochastic Processes = ie volcano or hurricane -> chance or random events, particularly problematic for geographically restricted species *Deterministic Processes = Traits related to extinction, vulnerability – how they make a living i) Geographic range: Large = less vulnerable ii) Dispersal ability: Higher = less vulnerable (ability to move away from the catastrophe) iii) Trophic Status = higher up you are, the more vulnerable iv) Specialization – Specialists are more vulnerable v) Rarity – lower abundance, more vulnerable vi) Population variability – higher -> more vulnerable (More fluxation in N is more vulnerable) vii) Intrinsic rate of population increase – higher rate at which things can recover is considered less vulnerable viii) Body size: Complex relationship – For terrestrial animals, large body size is more vulnerable |
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Phenology
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Phenology = study of temporal aspects of recurrent natural phenomenon and their relation to climate
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Diversity of the Sea – Causes?
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Stability time hypothesis: Constant environment allow for stable biological interactions leading to specialization. Lack of disturbances allows formation of microhabitats (complex burrows exist)
2) Biological disturbance: Predation by megafauna reduces competition among macrofauna – coexistence. Macrofauna crop meiofauna. 3) Patchy food resources: Food falls are generally patchy and can support high species diversity 4) Large area: Depths > 1000m cover huge area in world oceans. Large area can support many species. |
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Species Energy Hypothesis
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Species richness of an area is a direct function of available energy
-Positive relationship in terms of temperature relative to species Energy – Temperature is a proxy |