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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neutrophils release what? Example!
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Proinflammatory cytokines like Interleukin 1 which is a chemoattractant for monocytes
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Macrophages release what 3 main things?
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1. Fibroblast Growth Factor
2. Platelet-derived GF 3. Vascular Endothelial GF |
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What are Growth Factors?
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Peptides/Proteins that stimulate cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, etc.
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Normal wound healing is regulated by the balanced action of what 4 things?
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1. Growth factors
2. Cytokines 3. Proteases 4. Other presently unknown chemical compounds + conditions |
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What is a Tissue?
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A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function.
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Bone consists of what kind of cell?
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Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts (bone-reabsorbing cells)
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What 3 types of cells are in the wall tissue of large blood vessels?
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Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts
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What kind of cells does Skin contain?
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Karatinocytes, epithelial cells
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What is the ECM of skin?
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Collagen types IV and VII and elastin
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What are a few other extracellular components?
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Adhesive proteins (fibronectin, lamainin, vitronectin), proteoglycans, ions, and water
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Tissue injury may effect what 3 things for cells?
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1. Morphology
2. Function 3. Phenotype |
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What are 5 examples of cell response to injury?
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1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy (increase in cell size) 3. Hyperplasia (increase in cell numbers) 4. metaplasia (change in cell type) 5. change of phenotype (changes in the type and amount of production of proteins characteristic of that specific cell type) |
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What are Labile Cells? Examples?
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Labile cells proliferate through out life. Examples: epithelial, lymphoid, and hematopoietic cells
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What are Stable Cells? Examples?
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Stable cells have the capacity to proliferate and do so in response to appropriate stimuli. Examples: fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and vascular endothelial cells
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What are Permanent or Static Cells? Examples?
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Cells that cannot reproduce themselves after birth. Examples: nerve, skeletal and heart muscle.
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What is a Blood Clot?
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A fibrin mesh in which blood-derived cells are interspersed
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What is important about growth factors released from platelets?
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They are potent chemoattractants for inflammatory leukocytes, motogens and mitogens for cells specific to various tissues.
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Growth factors may either do what 2 things?
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1. induce cell migration against a concentration gradient (chemotaxis)
2. increase the rate of random, undirected cell migration |
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Growth Factors can act in which 2 manners?
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Autocrine or paracrine!
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Activated macrophages release what kind of growth factors?
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Fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor.
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What is Atrophy?
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Decrease in cell size
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What is Hypertrophy?
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Increase in cell size
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What is Hyperplasia?
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Increase in cell number
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What 2 things are included in Phenotypic change?
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1. Changes in producing one family of proteins to another
2. Marked overproduction of protein |
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What is metaplasia?
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Change in cell type
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What is Necrosis?
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Cell death due to non-physiological conditions
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What is Apoptosis?
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Programmed (genetically determined!) cell death
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The average human body contains how many cells?
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100 trillion cells
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The human body has more than how many types of differentiated cells?
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200!
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What are the 4 classifications of cells in tissue engineering?
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1. Autologous
2. Allogenic 3. Syngenic 4. Xenogenic |
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What are Autologous Cells?
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Cells obtained from one donor and are implanted in the same donor
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What are Allogenic cells?
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Cells obtained from another individual of the same species
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What are Syngenic Cells?
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Cells obtained from a donor genetically identical to the recipient patient (like a twin)
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What are xenogenic cells?
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Cells obtained from a different species than the recipient species
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Why are Autologous Cells advantageous?
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They usually do not cause an immune response or rejection post implantation.
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What is an issue regarding extracting cells from tissues?
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The additional surgical procedure may cause morbidity in the donor/recipient patient and carries the risk of infection and pain.
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What is the main issue of Autologous Cells?
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Excised samples may not yield an adequate supply of cells.
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What must be done to harvested cells? What is significant about this?
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Must be multiplied in vitro (in a test tube) before implantation. This is significant because this process takes a lot of time.
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What are Stem Cells?
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Cells that are pluripotent and capable to differentiate into other cell types such as bone, cartilage, etc.
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What are Expanding Tissues?
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Tissues which grow because of increased cell number via cell mitosis
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What are Static Tissues?
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Tissues which contain constant cell numbers BUT grow by hypertrophy
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What are Renewing Tissues?
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Tissues which retain constant cell number by replacing losses by differentiation of proliferating stem cells.
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What are the 4 steps of the Proliferative Phase?
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1. Migration and proliferation of cells from surrounding tissue
2. Formation of an ECM 3. Angiogenesis 4. Innervation |
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What are the 3 steps of the Remodeling Phase?
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1. Collagen fibril cross-linking and organization
2. Scar maturation 3. Neotissue formation |
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What are the 2 types of Cell Adhesion?
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1. Cell-Substratum interactions
2. Cell-cell interactions |
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What are Cell-Substratum interactions?
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Interactions between the cells and the ECM
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What are the three main components of the ECM?
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1. Proteins
2. Proteoglycans 3. Glycosaminoglycans |
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What are Integrins?
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Receptors on cell membrane that recognize and bind to specific domains on the ECM
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What are the 8 Hallmarks of Cancer?
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1. Sustaining proliferative signaling
2. Evading growth suppressors 3. Escaping immune detection 4. Resisting cell death 5. Enabling replicative immortality 6. Inducing angiogenesis 7. Activating invasion and metastasis 8. Reprogramming energy metabolism |
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What is Cancer?
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A disease of multicellular organisms characterized by the uncontrolled multiplication and spread within the organism of abnormal forms of the organisms own cells.
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What is a Carcinogen?
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An agent capable of causing cancer
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What is Carcinogenesis?
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The production of cancer
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What is Neoplasma?
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Also called Tumor: a tissue mass arising from an abnormal, uncoordinated proliferation of cells.
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What is Mutagenesis?
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The production of inheritable (genotypic) changes in cells
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