Biochp1112

Front 1

cyclic AMP

Back 1

ringed molecule made from ATP; functions in intracellular communication and regulation of bacterial operons

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diacylglycerol

Back 2

2nd messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane

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hormone

Back 3

one of many types of cellular signals formed in specialized cells that travels with the body fluid and acts on target cells to change their function

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inositol phosphate

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2nd messenger that functions as an intermediate between nonsteroid hormones and the 3rd messenger, a rise in calcium concentration in the cytoplasm

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ligand

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molecule that binds to a specifc receptor site on another molecule

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local regulators

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chemical messengers that influence cells in their vicinity

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protein kinase

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enzyme that transfers phosphate from ATP to a protein

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protein phosphatase

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enzyme that removes phosphate from ATP to a protein, reverses effects of protein kinase

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reception

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target cell's detection of a signal outside the cell by binding to a receptor protein

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response

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change in cellular activity due brougha bout by a transduced signal from outside the cell

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scaffolding proteins

Back 11

large relay protein to which other relay proteins attach to effectively speed up signal transduction

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2nd messenger

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small, nonprotein, soluble molecules that relay a signal to a cell's interior in reponse to a signal received by a signal receptor protein

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transduction

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conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response

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anchorage dependence

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requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

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aster

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radial array of microtubules that extend from each centromere towards the plasma membrane in a cell undergoing mitosis

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benign tumor

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mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin, can usually be removed by surgery

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binary fission

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form of cell division for prokaryotes. each daughter cell receives single parental chromosome

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cell cycle control system

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cyclically operating set of molecules that trigger and coordinate key events in the cell cycle

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cell division

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reproduction of cells, functions in cell repair and renewal

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cell plate

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double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell between which a new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

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centromere

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in condensed form in duplicated chromosome, centralized region linking 2 sister chromatids

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centrosome

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material in the cytoplasm that is important during cell division, organizing center for microtubules

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checkpoint

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critical control point in the cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell

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chromatin

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complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome, when cell is not dividing it exists as long thin fibers

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chromosomes

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gene-carrying structures found in the nucleus, long DNA molecule with its associated proteins

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cleavage

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process of cytokinesis in animal cells, charactized by the pinching of the plasma membrane.

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cleavage furrow

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1st sign of cleavage in an animal cell characterized by a shallow groove forming on the surface of the old metaphase plate

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cyclin

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regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically

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cyclin dependent kinase

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protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin

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cytokinesis

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division of the cytoplasm to form 2 separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis

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Density-independent inhibition

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phenomenon in animal cells where cell stops dividing when they come into contact with each other

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gametes

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haploid cell such as an egg or sperm, gametes come together during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote

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genome

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complete complement of an organism's gene, an organism's genetic material

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G0 phase

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nondividing state in which a cell has left the cycle

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G1 phase

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1st growth phase, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis

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G2 phase

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2nd growth phase, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis

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Growth factor

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protein that must be present in the extracellular environment for growth and development of different types of cells; local regulator that stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation

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interphase

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period in cell cycle when the cell is not dividing but metabolic activity is high and cell size increases. Accounts for 90% of the cell cycle

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Kinetochore

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specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitiotic spindle

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malignant tumor

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cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair organ function

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meiosis

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2 stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that yield cells with half the # of chromosomes as the original cell

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metaphase plate

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imaginary plane during metaphase in which centromeres meet midway between the 2 poles

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metastasis

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spread of cancer cells to locations distant from the original site

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mitotic phase

Back 44

phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis

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mitotic spindle

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assembly of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

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origin of replication

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site where the replication of DNA molecule begins

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mitosis

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nuclear division in eukaryotic cell that consists of 5 stages. duplicated chromosomes are conserved by being equally divided to each daughter nuclei

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prophase

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1st step of mitosis, nucleus/nucleolus still intact, chromatin condenses, mitotic spindle begins to form

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prometaphase

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2nd step of mitosis, nuclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach at the kinetchores of the chromosomes, chromosomes of identical sister chromatids appear

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metaphase

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3rd step of mitosis, spindle completed, chromosomes attached to microtubules attached at their kinetchores align on the metaphase plate

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anaphase

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4th stage of mitosis, chromatids of each chromosome separated, daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell

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telophase

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5th stage of mitosis, daughter nuclei form, beginning of cytokinesis