Biochemistry2

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Amino-Terminal(N-Terminal) Amino Acid

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the amino acid with the free-NH3+ group at the end of the protein.

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Carboxyli-terminal amino acid

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the amino acid with the free -COO-group a the end of a protein

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Residue(amino acid)

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an amino acid unit in a polypeptides

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Hydrophobic

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WAter-fearing; a hydrophobic substance does not dissolve in water

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Hydrophilic

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Water-loving; a hydrophilic substance dissolves in water

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Disulfide Bond

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An S-S bond formed between 2 cysteine side chains; cna join 2 peptide chains togethere or caue a lop in a peptide chain

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Simple protein

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a protein composed of only amino acid residues

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Conjugated Protein

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a protein that incorporates one or more non-amino acid unitys in its structure

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Hemoglobin

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is a conjugated quaternary protein composed of four polypeptide chains(2 alpha chains and 2 Beta) held 2gether by the interaction of hydrophobic grous and 4 heme groups.

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Non-covalent forces

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forces of attraction other than covalen bonds that can act between molecules or within molecules.

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BIOCHEMISTRY

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the study of life processes how do life forms produce energy

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Glucose

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Simplest Sugar

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3 types of "food" that act as "fuel" or
“building blocks” for animals:

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1.  Carbohydrates 
2.  Lipids              
3.  Proteins

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Hydrolyze

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react with water to decompose or "split up"

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3 classes of carbohydrates

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 1.  sugars 
 2.  starches     
3.  cellulose

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Simple Sugar or monosaccharides

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building blocks for other sugars; in fact, they are the building blocks for all carbohydrates.

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Glucose

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used a "raw fuel". It can be administered intravenously to raise a person's blood sugar and to provide an immediate "fuel" for producing energy.

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Fructose

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found in many plants
In humans, fructose tastes "sweeter" than glucose.  

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Dissacharides

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are essentially two monosaccharide (simple sugar) structures bonded together at one specific site.

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Lactose

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is a dissacharide formed from a glucose unit and a galactose unit.  It has a beta linkage.  A beta linkage occurs when the sugar units are linked from the top of one ring to the bottom of the other ring.

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Maltose

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is another dissacharide. It consists of two glucose units connected together.
It is digestible by humans, so the glucose units are bonded together with an alpha linkage.

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Polysaccharides

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contain many monosaccharide units
-polymers

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Anomers

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Cyclic sugars that differ only in positions of substituents at the hemiacetal carbon; the a-form has the –OH group on the opposite side from the –CH2OH;the b-form the –OH group on the same side as the –CH2OH group

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dextrorotatory(D)

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classification of R-glyceraldehyde which has a specific rotation of 8.7 degree in clockwise Direction

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Levorotatory

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classification of S-glyceraldehyde that has a specific rotation of – 8.7o plane of polarized light was rotated
in the counterclockwise direction.

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Diasteromers

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stereoisomers hta are not mirror images of each others.

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Glucose

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is the most important simple carbohydrate in human metabolism. it is the final product of carbohydrate digestion that provide acetyl group for entry into the citric acid cycle.

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D-Galactose

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widely distributed in plant gums and pectins.I't s also a component of disaccharide lactose and is produced from lactose during digestion

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D-Fructose

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often called levulose or fruit sugar occurs in honey and many fruits
-six carbon sugar
-ketohexose

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Ribose

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-five carbon sugars
-most important as parts of large biomolecules
-deoxyribose is differ from ribose by the absence of oxygen atom.

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glycogen

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-animal starch
-It is a polymer of glucose units that form branched chains.
-It forms small granules.

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Amylose

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is composed of a linear polymer chains of glucose.

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Amylopectin

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like glycogen, is formed of branched polymer chains of glucose

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Reducing Agent

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Carbohydrates that react in basic solution with mild oxidizing agents.

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Cellulose

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is a straight-chain polymer of Beta Dglusoe with B-1,4 link.
It's not digestable by human but digestable in animals.

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Starch

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polymer of alpha-D glucose connected by alpha 1,4 lingks in straight-chain(amylose) and branched-chain(amlopectin)

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Glycogen

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is a storage form of glucose for animals, including humans

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3 most important Polysaccharide

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1. cellulose
2. Starch
3. Glycogen

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3 kinds of Disaccharides

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1.Maltose
2.Sucrose
3.Lactose

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Kinds of Monosaccharidess

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1.Galactose
2.Glucose
3.Fructose
4.Ribose adn 2 Deoxyribose

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Glycoside

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a cyclic acetal formed by reaction of monosaccharide and alcohol accompanied by losing H2O