Biochemistry Test 11-3-14

Front 1

How many bonds can carbon form with other elements?

Back 1

4

Front 2

what is the only element that can create bonds with itself?

Back 2

carbon

Front 3

what is a carbohydrate?

Back 3

the major energy molecule for all living things

Front 4

what is the proportion of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate?

Back 4

2:1

Front 5

how do plants produce carbohydrates?

Back 5

photosynthesis

Front 6

define metabolism

Back 6

all the chemical reactions in your body

Front 7

define catabolism

Back 7

the reactions [in your body] that break down complex molecules into simple ones

Front 8

define anabolism

Back 8

the reactions [in your body] that make complex molecules from simple ones

Front 9

what type of carbohydrates are sugars?

Back 9

simple carbohydrates

Front 10

what are monosaccharides?

Back 10

simple carbs

Front 11

examples of monosaccharides

Back 11

glucose, fructose, galactose

Front 12

chemical formula for glucose

Back 12

C6 H12 O6

Front 13

properties of glucose

Back 13

-main energy molecule for all life
-in animals, it's called blood sugar
-absorbs into cells
-insulin is required to let glucose in

Front 14

which two sugars can combine with glucose to make double sugars?

Back 14

fructose and galactose

Front 15

what are disaccharides?

Back 15

double sugars

Front 16

what is dehydration synthesis?

Back 16

how disaccharides are formed

Front 17

what is hydrolysis?

Back 17

the process by which disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides

Front 18

glucose+glucose=

Back 18

maltose

Front 19

where is maltose found?

Back 19

grains

Front 20

glucose+fructose=

Back 20

sucrose

Front 21

where is sucrose found?

Back 21

sugar cane and sugar beets

Front 22

glucose+galactose=

Back 22

lactose

Front 23

where is lactose found?

Back 23

milk

Front 24

what are polysaccharides?

Back 24

complex carbohydrates

Front 25

define polymer

Back 25

a long chain of the same molecule

Front 26

they are a polymer of many monosaccharides

Back 26

polysaccharides

Front 27

define starch

Back 27

polysaccharide: stored energy made by plants

Front 28

where are starches found?

Back 28

corn, potatoes, rice, wheat, grains

Front 29

define glycogen

Back 29

polysaccharide: stored energy made by animals

Front 30

where is glycogen produced?

Back 30

the liver

Front 31

where is glycogen stored?

Back 31

the muscles

Front 32

when energy is needed, the liver converts glycogen to ___

Back 32

glucose

Front 33

define cellulose

Back 33

polysaccharide that forms the structural parts in plants (cell wall, stem, tree bark)

Front 34

what is cellulose called when eaten by a human?

Back 34

dietary fiber

Front 35

define chitin

Back 35

polysaccharide that forms the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods

Front 36

define scientific calorie

Back 36

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1°C (lowercase c)

Front 37

define nutritional calorie

Back 37

1000 scientific calories (uppercase C)

Front 38

1 gram of carbohydrate= __ Cal

Back 38

4

Front 39

define lipid

Back 39

a long hydrocarbon that is insoluble in water

Front 40

what elements do lipids contain?

Back 40

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Front 41

ratio of H:O in lipids

Back 41

>2:1

Front 42

storing lipids:
animals:__, plants:___

Back 42

fats, oils

Front 43

1 gram of lipids=__ Cal

Back 43

9

Front 44

what are simple lipids?

Back 44

fats and oils

Front 45

what is the most abundant lipid?

Back 45

simple lipids

Front 46

what are simple lipids made out of?

Back 46

triglycerides

Front 47

characteristics of saturated fats

Back 47

-comes from animals
-solid at room temperature
-produces LDL

Front 48

characteristics of unsaturated fats

Back 48

-come from plants
-liquid at room temperature
-doesn't produce LDL

Front 49

define lipoproteins

Back 49

wraps around fats to help it travel through the bloodstream

Front 50

define high density lipoprotein (HDL)

Back 50

protein wraps tightly around cholesterol so none leaks into bloodstream

Front 51

low density lipoprotein (LDL)

Back 51

protein doesn't fully cover cholesterol, so cholesterol leaks into bloodstream & sticks to arteries

Front 52

define phospholipids

Back 52

lipids that form the double layer of the cell membrane

Front 53

examples of steroids

Back 53

adrenacartical hormones, cortisone, cholesterol, bile, sex hormones,

Front 54

define adrenaline

Back 54

steroid that produces the "fight or flight" response

Front 55

define cortisone

Back 55

steroid that helps reduce inflammation

Front 56

define cholesterol

Back 56

starting material for other steroids

Front 57

what is the most abundant steroid?

Back 57

cholesterol

Front 58

define bile

Back 58

steroid that breaks down fat

Front 59

where is bile made? stored?

Back 59

liver, gallbladder

Front 60

define testosterone

Back 60

steroid that produces puberty characteristics in males

Front 61

define estrogen

Back 61

steroid that produces puberty characteristics in females

Front 62

define progesterone

Back 62

steroid that prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg

Front 63

characteristics of proteins

Back 63

-very different from carbs and lipids
-most complex
-not to supply energy
-used for building and maintenance of body structures

Front 64

examples of protein in animals

Back 64

-hair/fur
-nails
-skin
-eyes
-muscles
-organs
-blood

Front 65

they are a polymer of amino acids

Back 65

proteins

Front 66

what elements are in proteins?

Back 66

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Front 67

what are enzymes made of?

Back 67

protein

Front 68

what is the function of enzymes?

Back 68

to anabolize or catabolize chemicals

Front 69

common word ending for enzymes

Back 69

-ase

Front 70

what are amino acids?

Back 70

proteins with an amino molecule group and an acid molecule group

Front 71

define globular proteins

Back 71

have an active function, fragile, soluble in water

Front 72

define fibrous proteins

Back 72

have a structural/protective function, physically tough, insoluble in water

Front 73

define keratin

Back 73

fibrous protein found in hair, nails, beaks, feathers

Front 74

define collagen

Back 74

fibrous protein found in skin, cartilage, muscles, blood

Front 75

primary protein structure:

Back 75

the sequence of amino acids

Front 76

secondary protein structure:

Back 76

a helix of amino acids

Front 77

tertiary protein structure:

Back 77

the coiling of the helix upon itself

Front 78

quaternary protein structure:

Back 78

2 or more polypeptide chains coiled together

Front 79

another name for primary structure

Back 79

polypeptide

Front 80

what are biological catalysts?

Back 80

enzymes

Front 81

lock and key enzyme model

Back 81

Front 82

induced fit enzyme model

Back 82

Front 83

define pepsin

Back 83

enzyme that catabolizes protein (found in stomach)

Front 84

define trypsin

Back 84

enzyme that catabolizes protein (found in small intestines)

Front 85

carbohydrate model

Back 85

hexagonal

Front 86

steroid model

Back 86

two-tailed sperm

Front 87

amino group model

Back 87

nitrogen with two hydrogens

Front 88

acid group model

Back 88

carbon with two oxygens and a hydrogen

Front 89

amino acid model

Back 89

Front 90

define lipogenesis enzymes

Back 90

enzymes that produce fat

Front 91

define lipolysis enzymes

Back 91

enzymes that release fat into the bloodstream for energy