Biochemistry Short Course - Chapter 11

Front 1

lipids

Back 1

water insoluble molecules that are highly soluble in organic solvents

Front 2

Lipids are sometimes used to

Back 2

store energy

Front 3

Lipids are

Back 3

key components of membrans

Front 4

Lipids do not form

Back 4

polymers

Front 5

lipids are

Back 5

non covalent assemblies

Front 6

Five classes of lipids

Back 6

Free Fatty Acids

Triacyglycerols

Phospholipids

Glycolipids

Steroids

Front 7

Explain Free Fatty Acids

Back 7

This simplest type of lipid is most commonly used as a fuel. Fatty acids vary in hydrocarbon chain length, which has important ramifications when they are used as fuels and as components of membrane lipids

Front 8

Explain triacyglycerols

Back 8

this class of lipid is the storage form of fatty acids

Front 9

Explain phospholipids

Back 9

these membrane lipids consist of fatty acids attached to a scaffold that also bears a charged phosphoryl group, creating a macromolecule with a polar head and nonpolar tail.

Front 10

Explain glycolipids

Back 10

these lipids are bound to carbohydrates and are important membrane constituents

Front 11

Explain steroids

Back 11

these lipids differ from the other classes in that they are polycyclic hydrocarbons. Steroids function as hormones that control a variety of physiological functions. The most common steroid is cholesterol, another vital membrane component.

Front 12

Fats or Fatty Acids

Back 12

chains of hydrogen bearing carbon atoms which terminate with carboxcylic acid groups.

Front 13

Two key roles of fatty acids

Back 13

fuels and as building blocks for membrane lipids

Front 14

Why are fats good fuels

Back 14

because they are more reduced than carbohydrates

Front 15

What does it mean to be a saturated fatty acid

Back 15

to only contain single bonds

Front 16

unsaturated fatty acids

Back 16

contain one or more double or triple bonds

Front 17

18:2 means

Back 17

there are 18 single bonds and 2 double bonds

Front 18

Fatty acid carbon atoms are usually numbered starting at

Back 18

the carboxyl terminus or at the terminal carbon

Front 19

Carbon atoms 2 and 3 are often referred to as

Back 19

alpha and beta

Front 20

The last carbon atom in the chain is usually a

Back 20

methyl carbon atom

Front 21

The last carbon is called the

Back 21

omega carbon atom (w)

Front 22

What symbol represents a double bond

Back 22

delta followed by a superscript

Front 23

Fatty acids in biological systems usually contain

Back 23

an even number of carbon atoms, typically between 14 and 24. With 16 and 18 being the most common

Front 24

configuration of most double bonds in most unsaturated fatty acids is

Back 24

cis

Front 25

properties of fatty acids and of lipids are dependent on

Back 25

the chain length and degree of unsaturation

Front 26

unsaturated fatty acids have (blank) boiling points than saturated fatty acids of the same length

Back 26

lower

Front 27

What does a cis bond NOT allow

Back 27

tight packing

Front 28

The lack of tight packing limits

Back 28

van der waals forces between chains and lowers the melting temperature

Front 29

short chain length makes for a (blank) boiling point

Back 29

lower

Front 30

too much saturated and trans-unsaturated fats are correlated with

Back 30

high blood levels of cholesterol and cardiovascular disease

Front 31

certain cis polyunsaturated fats are essential in our diets because

Back 31

we cannot synthesize them ourselves. Example would be (Omega)-3 fatty acids

Front 32

Omega 3 fatty acids

Back 32

polyunsaturated fatty acids common in cold water fish such as salmon.

Vegatable oils as well

Front 33

the concentration of free fatty acids in cells or the blood is low because

Back 33

free fatty acids are strong acids

Front 34

Fatty acids required for energy generation are stored as

Back 34

triacyglycerols

Front 35

How are triacyglycerols formed

Back 35

by the attachment of three fatty acid chains to a glycerol molecule

Front 36

tricyglycerols are hydro

Back 36

phobic. This means they are stored in a nearly anhydrous form.

Front 37

Polar carbohydrates bind to

Back 37

water molecules

Front 38

a gram of nearly anhydrous fat stores more than

Back 38

6 times as much energy as a gram of hydrated glycogen

Front 39

major site of tricyglycerol accumulation

Back 39

adipose tissue

Front 40

three major kinds of membrane lipids

Back 40

phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

Front 41

Four components of a phospholipid

Back 41

on or more fatty acids

a platform to which the fatty acids are attached

a phosphate

an alcohol attached to the phosphate

Front 42

possible platforms for phospholipids

Back 42

glycerol

a three carbon alcohol

sphingosine

or more complex alcohol

Front 43

esterification

Back 43

fatty acids are attached to a glycerol through ester linkages

Front 44

https://memorize.com/membrane-lipids-proteins-and-carbohydrates/emmurphy11

Front 45

sphingolipids

Back 45

phospholipids built on a sphingosine backbone

Front 46

sphingosine

Back 46

an amino alcohol that contains a long, unsaturated hydrocarbon chain

Front 47

glycolipids

Back 47

sugar containing lipids that play a role in cell - cell interations

Front 48

the simplist glycolipid

Back 48

cerebroside

Front 49

glycolipids are oriented in an

Back 49

asymmetric fashion in membranes with the sugar residues always on the extracellular side of the membrane

Front 50

steroids

Back 50

function as powerful hormones that facilitate the digestion of lipids in the diet are are key membrane constituents

Front 51

steroids exhibit a

Back 51

cyclical rather than a linear structure

Front 52

explain the steroid nucleus

Back 52

all steroids have a tetracyclohexane ring structure. this consists of three cyclohexane rings and cyclopentane ring joined together

Front 53

what is the most common steroid

Back 53

cholesterol

Front 54

sterol

Back 54

steroid with an alcohol functional group

Front 55

cholesterol is important in

Back 55

maintaining proper membrane fluidity

Front 56

free cholesterol does not exist

Back 56

outside of membranes and is esterfied to a fatty acid for storage and transport

Front 57

membrane lipids are

Back 57

amphipathic molecules containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moiety

Front 58

the polar head is

Back 58

hydrophilic

Front 59

some proteins are modified by the covalent attachment of

Back 59

hydrophobic groups

Front 60

Triacyglycerols are stored in

Back 60

anhydrous form