Biochemistry Ii Test 2

Front 1

Signal Transduction
1. Definition
2. Advantages

Back 1

1. The events that happen between the signal of 'this molecule is here' and the actual physiological response.

2. Signaling within molecule without actual primary messenger entering cell

signal amplification: one ligand can create enormous cellular response
(any others...?)

Front 2

Second messenger
1. definition
2. 3 examples

Back 2

1. small molecules that deliver messages that come from receptor-ligand complexes.
2. cAMP, Calcium ions, inositol, DAG

Front 3

What is the difference between beta and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors?

Back 3

no idea

Front 4

what does pyruvate dehydrogenase do?

Back 4

Transforms pyruvate into acetyl CoA

Process is called pyruvate decarboxylation

reaction is committed step

Front 5

Can NAD+ or NADH move across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Back 5

NO. it is impermeable.

Front 6

In the kreb cycle and such, any time CO2 is produced, what is also produced?

Back 6

NADH

Front 7

Citrate structure: brief description

Back 7

6 carbon chain, 3 carboxyl groups
Tricarboxylic acid

Front 8

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes - the products
E1
E2
E3

Back 8

E1 - CO2
E2 - Acetyl CoA
E3 - NADH

Front 9

What is the committed step in the Krebs cycle?

Back 9

Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. point of no return

Front 10

1. Uniport
2. Symport
3. Antiport

Back 10

1. One molecule moves in one direction
2. Two molecules move in the same direction
3. Two molecules move in opposite directions.

Front 11

Which receptor does epinephrine bind to?

Back 11

B adrenergic receptor

Front 12

Insulin receptor: what kind is it

Back 12

tyrosine kinase

Front 13

Gq protein:
1. What does it activate at first
2. What is its second messenger
3. What does it ultimately activate

Back 13

1. PLC
2. DAG
3. PKC

Front 14

Gs protein

Back 14

Gs alpha subunit activates adenylyl cylcase to form cAMP. the traditional G protein, I'd say

Front 15

Gi protein

Back 15

inhibits production of cAMP from ATP

Front 16

Why is glycolysis irreversible?

Back 16

glycolysis produces 2 atp.
gluconeogenesis needs 6 atp to make a glucose from scratch

Front 17

Fructose entry in the glycolytic pathway bypasses all the following points of regulation except:

Back 17

pyruvate kinase

Front 18

Yeast make ethanol in order to:

Back 18

replenish NAD+ supply

Front 19

1. Enzymes that catalyze substrate level phosphorylation
2. Enzyme that doesn't

Back 19

1. pyruvate kinase
phosphoglycerate kinase
succinyl CoA synthetase

2. pfk1

Front 20

What is protein phosphatase 1 activated by?

Back 20

free glucose

Front 21

Which enzyme catalyzes the re oxidation of NADH produces in glycolysis?

Back 21

Lactate dehydrogenase

Front 22

ETC:
complex 1:
1. other names
2. prosthetic group of complex 1 that is reduced first
3. what coenzyme takes up electrons at end of cycle

Back 22

1. NADH-Q oxidoreductase, or NADH dehydrogenase
2. FMN, reduced form is FMNH2. First thing that binds to the electrons of NADH. Then electrons flow from FMNH2 to Fe-S clusters.
3. Coenzyme Q. reduced form is QH2. leaves the enzyme for the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.

Front 23

What is the name of the oxidized form of ubiquinone (Q)

Back 23

Ubiquinol

Front 24

Complex II
1. other names
2. does it pump protons?
3. electron flow

Back 24

1. succinate Q reductase complex
2. NO
3. from fadh2 to Q to form ubiquinol

Front 25

Complex III
1. other names
2. flow of electrons

Back 25

1. Q cytochrome C oxidoreductase
2. from QH2 to Cytochrome C

Front 26

Complex IV
1. other names
2. flow of electrons

Back 26

1. cytochrome C oxidase
2. from reduced cytochrome C to molecular oxygen, final acceptor

Front 27

If the delta E of a redox reaction is greater than zero, then the Gibb's free energy is

Back 27

greater than zero.
non spontaneous

Front 28

Glucagon receptors are an example of what kind of G protein?

Back 28

Gs protein

Front 29

Insulin receptors are an example of what kind of mechanism?

Back 29

tyrosine kinase

Front 30

What determines the duration of the signal mediated by the G protein dependent receptor?

Back 30

The rate of GTP hydrolysis by the alpha subunit

Front 31

What is a common intermediate in glycogen synthesis and galactose metabolism?

Back 31

UDPG

Front 32

Protein Kinase A does all these things:

It DOESN'T do this:

Back 32

inhibits pfk2
inhibits glycogen synthase
activate glycogen phosphorylase
inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase

DOES NOT inhibit pyruvate kinase

Front 33

this enzyme is not needed for regulation of glucose conversion to co2

Back 33

pfk1

Front 34

what item is not needed in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

Back 34

pyridoxal phosphate

Front 35

Which part of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is not allosterically regulated?

Back 35

E1

Front 36

How is alpha keto glutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase similar?

Back 36

they both have three enzymes

Front 37

The formation of UDPG requires:

Back 37

glucose-1-phosphate + UTP

Front 38

How are alpha 1 6 branches synthesized in glycogen?

Back 38

oligosaccharide is taken from non reducing end and put on 6 carbon, creating alpha 1 6 branch

Front 39

What enzyme is found in liver but not muscle?

Back 39

glucose 6 phosphatase

Front 40

Which of following hormones bind more than one receptor in liver?

Back 40

epinephrine

Front 41

Epinephrine decreases affinity of insulin for receptor.
T/F

Back 41

True

Front 42

The carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is one of the anaplerotic reactions T/F

Back 42

True

Front 43

Glycogen is stored in only liver and muscle, true or false

Back 43

false

Front 44

Oxidative step (NADH formation) occurs simultaneously with the incorporation of inorganic phosphate T/F

Back 44

True

Front 45

Insulin stimulates glut4 in brain cell membranes T/F

Back 45

false

Front 46

what is basic reaction for gluconeogenesis

Back 46

pyruvate to glucose

Front 47

Differences between glycolysis in liver and muscle
1. glucose uptake in muscle
2. glucose uptake in liver
3. glucokinase only found in...
4. pfk2 is not affected by epinephrine in which organ
5. pyruvate kinase L blocked by
6. pyruvate kinase M blocked by

Back 47

1. glut4
2. glut2
3. liver
4. muscle
5. phosphorylation
6. not sure, but not phosphorylation

Front 48

What's the difference between cosubstrates and substrates?

Back 48

Cosubstrates:
recycled
examples: atp, nadh

substrates: used once

Front 49

Which are more stable, oxygen esters, or thioesters?

Back 49

oxygen esters. more resonance.