Biochemistry Ii Final: Glycogenolysis

Front 1

Hexokinase deficiency results in _________ binding of hemoglobin to O2

Back 1

Increased

Front 2

Pyruvate kinase deficiency would shift hemoglobin O2 binding curve to the ______

Back 2

right

Front 3

________ and ________ act to increase blood glucose via glycogenolysis.

Back 3

Epinephrine

Glucagon

Front 4

EP or glucagon bind to their given ___ _____ ______ receptors, which dissociate and activate ________ _________ catalyzing the formation of _________ to stimulate glycogenolysis.

Back 4

G-protein-couple receptors

Adenylate cyclase

Cyclic AMP

Front 5

If b-adrenergic receptors are saturated with EP, EP will bind to alpha-adrenergic receptors to stimulate ____ to act as a 2nd messenger rather than _____

Back 5

Ca+2

cAMP

Front 6

cAMP activates oligomeric ____ ___ ___ ___ by inducing the dissociation of the 2 regulatory sububits (R2) which when bound prevent the substrate from entering the
enzyme’s activite site.

Back 6

R2C2 protein kinase A

Front 7

Activated 2C protein kinase A phosphorylates (activates) :

Back 7

(αβγδ)4 phosphorylase kinase A

Front 8

Phosphorylase kinase A phosphorylates
_________ _______, which is the enzyme which breaks up glycogen into its subunits, specifically ___.

Back 8

glycogen phosphorylase A

G1P

Front 9

______ _________ _ catalyzes glycogen phosphorolysis of linked glucose monomers at the nonreducing end up to 4-5 glucose monomers away from a branch point.

Back 9

Glycogen phosphorylase A

Front 10

________ = the enzyme cleaves α(1-4) glycosidic bonds linking glucose monomers at the nonreducing end by phosphorylating the 1C of cleaved glucose to yield:

Back 10

Phosphorolysis

G1P

Front 11

Glycolysis occurs in the _____

Back 11

Cytosol

Front 12

PPP pathway occurs in the ________

Back 12

cytosol

Front 13

Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the _______

Back 13

cytosol

Front 14

Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the ________

Back 14

liver

Front 15

Kreb's occurs in the ______

Back 15

mitochondria

Front 16

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the _________

Back 16

mitochondria

Front 17

B-Oxidation of Fatty Acids occurs in the ________

Back 17

mitochondria

Front 18

Amino Acid breakdown occurs in the _________

Back 18

Mitochondria

Front 19

Synthesis of membrane bound secretory proteins occurs in the _________

Back 19

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 20

Glycogen debranching enzyme acts as a :

Back 20

α(1-6) glycosyl transferase.

Front 21

__________ transfers an α(1-4)-linked trisaccharide from the
limit branch to the non-reducing end of another branch
so the limit branch glucoses can be cleaved by glycogen
phosphylase A and converted to free G1P molecules.

Back 21

Glycogen debranching enzyme

Front 22

When one glucose remains on the branch, it is ________ by the debranching enzyme, resulting in the release of glucose

Back 22

Hydrolyzed

Front 23

___________ acts at the cell membrane to catalyze the conversion of G1P to G6P.

Back 23

Phosphoglucomutase

Front 24

Skeletal muscle cells have only __________ receptors; they do not have glucagon receptors.

Back 24

β-adrenergic

Front 25

In the muscles, G6P, instead of converting to glucose to enter the bloodstream, is used in _________ to produce ____

Back 25

glycolysis

ATP

Front 26

Additional glycogenolysis in muscle cells is stimulated by phosphorylase kinase’s positive
allosteric modulator, ___, which is released into the cytosol by nerve impulses during:

Back 26

Ca+2

muscle contraction.

Front 27

High glucagon levels trigger protein kinase A to phosphorylate the bi-functional ____, thereby inactivating its kinase activity and activating its _______ activity.

Back 27

PFK-2

phosphatase

Front 28

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a positive allosteric modulator for ____ and when there’s less modulator, PFK-1’s activity is decreased, thereby slowing the overall rate of _____ and using less glucose.

Back 28

PFK-1

glycolysis

Front 29

When glucagons levels are low, the concentration of ___ increases and more fructose-
2,6-bisphosphate is formed (because ___ is a substrate for PFK-2 and an inhibitor of
___________________.

Back 29

F6P

fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase

Front 30

If glycogenolysis is insufficient enough to increase blood glucose, _____________ comes into play in order to further increase BG

Back 30

β-oxidation of fatty acids

Front 31

Anabolic reaction of Fatty Acid :

Back 31

Production of phospholipids

Front 32

Catabolic reaction of fatty acids:

Back 32

Production of ketone bodies to be used as energy source

Front 33

Fatty acids are marked for transport into the mitochondria (catabolism) through the
attachment of _______

Back 33

carnitine

Front 34

Fatty acids are primed for oxidation through the attachement of _____

Back 34

CoA

Front 35

_______ _______ ______ removes CoA from fatty acids and attaches carnitine yeilding, ______ _______ which can enter the mitochondria

Back 35

carnitine palmitoyl transferase

acyl carnitine

Front 36

Once in the mitochondria, ________ is removed and ____ attached to fatty acids.

Back 36

carnitine

CoA

Front 37

Glucagon acts to slow glycolysis by inhibiting control points:

Back 37

Hexokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase

Front 38

Gluconeogenesis is the opposite of glycolysis, everything is the same in reverse except:

Hexokinase replaced with:
PFK-1 replaced with:
Pyruvate kinase replaced with:

Back 38

Glucose 6 Phosphatase

Fructose bisphosphatase

Pyruvate carboxylase + PEPCK

Front 39

ATP _____ glycolysis.

Back 39

slows

Front 40

ADP/AMP ______ glycolysis

Back 40

speeds up

Front 41

Citrate _____ glycolysis.

Back 41

slows

Front 42

Acetyl-CoA _____ glycolysis.

Back 42

slows

Front 43

Acetyl-CoA _______ gluconeogenesis.

Back 43

speeds up

Front 44

Less ____, means less of a negative allosteric modulator for fructose bisphosphatase and so it will result in faster __________.

Back 44

F26P

gluconeogenesis

Front 45

pathway between tissues
and liver is called the _____ _____, which operates with no
net loss of glucose.

Back 45

Cori Cycle