Biochemistry I, Exam 1, Macronutirents, Micronutrients, Buffers & The Cell

Front 1

What is a kcal?

Back 1

Kilocalorie, the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 C

Front 2

What is the difference between 1 Calorie and 1 calorie?

Back 2

1 Calorie (Cal) = 1 kcal = 1000 cal

Front 3

What is a calorie?

Back 3

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 C

Front 4

What are the calories on nutrition labels?

Back 4

kcal or Cal

Front 5

What does ATP do in regard to Adenosine Phosphates?

Back 5

ATP delivers phosphates to genes and enzymes.

Front 6

What is adenosine made up of?

Back 6

Adenine + Ribose

Front 7

Put in order of how the following break down:

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Back 7

1) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

2) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

3) Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

Front 8

What are the 3 macronutrients?

Back 8

Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids

Front 9

1) What are proteins?
2) What do they contain?
3) What are the 4 types of proteins?
4) How many kcal/g?

Back 9

1) Polymers of amino acids (AA)
2) Contains C, H, O, N
3)Enzymes, peptide hormones, transport proteins, structional proteins
4) 4 kcal/g

Front 10

1) What do carbohydrates do?
2) Name 3 types and give an example.
3) What do they contain?
4) How many kcal/g?

Back 10

1) Major source of fuel for the body (especially the brain)
2) sugars, starches, fiber, e.g. glycogen
3) C, H, O
4) 4 kcal/g

Front 11

1) What are the 4 types of lipids?
2) What do they contain?
3) Are they polar or nonpolar?
4) How many kcal/g

Back 11

1) (fats and oils) fatty acids, triglycerides, steroid and sterols, and phospholipids
2) C, H, O
3) More nonpolar than the other macronutrients
4) 9 kcal/g

Front 12

How many kcal/g is alcohol?

Back 12

7 kcal/g

Front 13

How many major minerals do we need per day?

Back 13

More than 100 mg/day

Front 14

What is unique about calcium absorption?

Back 14

Requires 1 hour in an acidic environment to be absorbed.

Front 15

How many trace minerals do we need per day?

Back 15

Less than 100 mg/day

Front 16

How many ultratrace minerals do we need per day?

Back 16

Less than 1 mg/day

Front 17

What is the most abundant substance in living systems?

Back 17

Water

Front 18

How much of the human body consists of water?

Back 18

Approximately 60%

Front 19

Is water non-polar, polar, or dipolar?

Back 19

Polar and Dipolar

Front 20

What are the 4 main functions of water?

Back 20

1) Solvent: for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, & other molecles

2) Regulates body temperature: through circulation from warm core to just under the skin for evaporation

3) Transport: of nutrients and waste

4) Reactant or product: in reactions

Front 21

What two attributes of water are related to hydrogen bonding?

Back 21

1) High specific hear = 1.0 cal/g C
• lots of energy needed to change the temperature
• Cells resist freezing and will not boil

2) Amphoteric - water can act as an acid or a base in reactions

Front 22

True or False?
Water has a slight tendency to ionize?

Back 22

True!

Front 23

Identify the following as neutral, acidic, or basic:
1) pH < 7
2) pH = 7
3) pH > 7

Back 23

1) Acidic
2) neutral
3) Basic

Front 24

What is our Physiologic pH and how is it determined?

Back 24

Physiologic pH = 7.4

• Its the average pH of blood

* Note: If our Physiologic pH is 7 or lower we can die

Front 25

Increase [H+] = ? pH

Decrease [H+] = ? pH

Back 25

Increase [H+] = Decrease pH

Decrease [H+] = Increase pH

Front 26

What is a buffer?

Back 26

• Anything that can reversibly bind protons (H+)

• A chemical solution designed to resist a change in pH despite the addition of acids or bases

Front 27

What is the most abundant substance in living systems?

Back 27

Water

Front 28

How much of the human body consists of water?

Back 28

Approximately 60%

Front 29

Is water non-polar, polar, or dipolar?

Back 29

Polar and Dipolar

Front 30

What are the 4 main functions of water?

Back 30

1) Solvent: for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, & other molecles

2) Regulates body temperature: through circulation from warm core to just under the skin for evaporation

3) Transport: of nutrients and waste

4) Reactant or product: in reactions

Front 31

What two attributes of water are related to hydrogen bonding?

Back 31

1) High specific heat = 1.0 cal/g C
• lots of energy needed to change the temperature
• Cells resist freezing and will not boil

2) Amphoteric - water can act as an acid or a base in reactions

Front 32

True or False?
Water has a slight tendency to ionize?

Back 32

True!

Front 33

Identify the following as neutral, acidic, or basic:
1) pH < 7
2) pH = 7
3) pH > 7

Back 33

1) Acidic
2) neutral
3) Basic

Front 34

What is our Physiologic pH and how is it determined?

Back 34

Physiologic pH = 7.4

• Its the average pH of blood

* Note: If our Physiologic pH is 7 or lower we can die

Front 35

Increase [H+] = ? pH

Decrease [H+] = ? pH

Back 35

Increase [H+] = Decrease pH

Decrease [H+] = Increase pH

Front 36

What is a buffer?

Back 36

• Anything that can reversibly bind protons (H+)

• A chemical solution designed to resist a change in pH despite the addition of acids or bases

Front 37

Chemically, what is a buffer?

Back 37

A weak acid and its conjugate base

Front 38

HA <-> H+ (increases) + A- (decreases), pH ?

HA <->H+ (decreases) +A- (increases), pH ?

Back 38

HA <-> H+ (increase) + A-, pH decreases

HA <->H+ (decreases) +A- (increases), pH increases

Front 39

What important role do buffers play in our body and through which systems do they accomplish this?

Back 39

• They keep the pH of extracellular fluid between 7.35 - 7.45.

• Proteins, respiratory and renal systems

Front 40

Which regulator kicks in first, second, and third?

Back 40

1) Protein
2) Respiratory
3) Renal

Front 41

Which buffer in the body has the most potent buffering capacity and what is special about it?

Back 41

Proteins
• highly concentrated in whole blood
• Hemoglobin is the most important (histadine, AA)
• Can donate or accept H+

Front 42

1) Are proteins amphoteric?

2) What two groups dissociate on the protein molecule and how?

Back 42

1) Yes, amphoteric

2) Amino group - donates H+
Carboxyl group - accepts H+

Front 43

When using protein as a buffer, how does 1) an acid and 2) a base maintain the pH?

Back 43

1) Acid: The H on the weak acid (HA) will attach to the O on the protein and the A is left by itself

2) Base: The H attached to the end N will detach from the protein and attach to the base (A) to make HA

Front 44

1) What two groups are formed in the reaction during Respiratory and Renal pH regulation?
2) What is this system called?

Back 44

1) Bicarbonate and carbonic acid

2) Bicarbonate-carbonic acid system

Front 45

What is formed during metabolism?

Back 45

CO2 + H2O

Front 46

What is respiratory acidosis?

Back 46

• Causes pH to decrease
• Increase in CO2 > makes more H2CO3 > H+ increases = pH decreases

CO2 (increases) + H2O <-> H2CO3 (increases) <-> H+ (increases) + HCO3-

Front 47

What causes Acidosis?

Back 47

• Anything that does not allow the lungs to exhale completely!

• exercise, hypoventilation, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, emphysema, sleep apnea, morbid obesity, overfeeding of carbohydrates

Front 48

How does the respiratory center of the brain act as a buffer to control pH?

Back 48

As H+ increases the respiratory center in the brain (brain stem) increases the breathing rate to expel CO2.

Front 49

What is alkalosis?

Back 49

• pH increases
• CO2 decreases > H2CO2 decreases > H+ decreases = pH increases

C02 (decreases) + H2O <-> H2CO3 (decreases) <-> H+ (decreases) + HCO3-

Front 50

What causes alkalosis?

Back 50

• Anything that does not allow the lungs to inhale completely

• Hyperventilation
• Asthma
• Anxiety
• High altitude

Front 51

How does the respiratory center of the brain act as a buffer to control pH?

Back 51

The decrease in H+ causes the respiratory center in the brain (brain stem) to decrease breathing rate to retain CO2

Front 52

1) Are respiratory buffers slow or fast and 2) is it good for short or long term control?

Back 52

1) Fast! Only take seconds to minutes to restore the pH to normal

2) short term control

Front 53

Are renal buffers slow or fast and 2) are they good for short or long term control?

Back 53

1) Slow! Take hours to days to restore pH to normal

2) Long term control

Front 54

What produces bicarbonate (HCO3)?

Back 54

The pancreas

Front 55

1) What is pancreatitis?

2) What causes it?

3) What is the effect?

4) What is the treatment?

Back 55

1) An inflammation of the pancreas

2) Excessive alcohol use, gallstones, and viruses

3) Limits the release of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

4) Treat with antacid and enzyme supplements

Front 56

1) What is the plasma membrane?

2) What does it do?

3) Why is it important?

Back 56

1) Surrounds the cell

2) Provides protection, while still allowing sufficient exposure to environment for nourishment and waste removal

3) Cell-to-cell signaling

Front 57

1) What forms the bi-layer of the plasma membrane?

2) What are its two parts?

Back 57

1) Phospholipids

2) Polar head (hydrophyllic), and tail (hydrophobic)

Front 58

1) What is the cytoplasm?

2) What structures allow it to perform its function? Give 2 examples

Back 58

1) a.k.a. cytosol, is important for signaling between cells

2) Microtubules and microfilaments
• Protein structures that forma supportive cross-linked lattice
• The lattice supports extracellular extensions, e.g. microvilli on small intestine wall

Front 59

What are the metabolic pathways found in the cytoplasm used for?

Back 59

• Glycolysis
• Pentose phosphate pathway
• Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis (glycogen synthesis and degradation)
• Fatty acid synthesis

Front 60

What does the nucleus contain?

Back 60

DNA

Front 61

1) What are mitochondria?

2) What happens in the mitochondria?

Back 61

1) The powerhouse of the cell

2) • Oxygen is used in the cell • most of the metabolic energy (ATP) is produced through the electron transport chain
• Kreb's cycle (citric acid cycle) and beta-oxidation of fatty acids

Front 62

1) Which cells don't contain mitochondria?

2) Since they don't have mitochondria, what do they depend on?

Back 62

1) erythrocytes (red blood cells)

2) Anaerobic fermentation of glucose through glycolysis and lactic acid production

Front 63

Describe the appearance and function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Back 63

• Granular b/c its studded with ribosomes

• Primary function - protein synthesis

Front 64

What is the primary site of protein synthesis and what is it composed of?

Back 64

• Ribosomes, composed of ribosomal RNA and protein

Front 65

1) Proteins synthesized in the Rough ER are incorporated into what?

2) Where do proteins from free-standing ribosomes remain?

Back 65

1) organelle membrane

2) cytoplasm

Front 66

What is the Smooth ER responsible for?

Back 66

• lipid and steroid hormone

• Cytochrome P450 (complex of enzymes), responsible for drug and hormone metabolism

Front 67

What is the Golgi Complex responsible for?

Back 67

• sorting newly synthesized proteins

• Cis side: accepts new proteins

• Trans side: sort proteins and compounds to make proteins specific (carbs, lipids, sulfates, phosphates, etc)

Front 68

What are lysosomes and what do they do?

Back 68

• the cells' digestive system (proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, phospholipids)

• digest old or injured organelles

Front 69

1) What do peroxisomes contain?

2) What do they produce?

Back 69

1) Oxidative Enzymes and catalase

2) Produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)