Biochemistry: Glucose Metabolism

Front 1

____ is the major site of glucose biosynthesis and storage as ______.

Back 1

liver, glycogen

Front 2

Glucose is produced in the liver through _____ breakdown called _____.

Back 2

glycogen, glycogenolysis

Front 3

Glucose biosynthesis can occur with ____, ____, and ___, which is called ____.

Back 3

lactate, amino acids, glycerol, gluconeogenesis

Front 4

Glucose sources with it as its only building block are _____ and ____, while ____ and ____ also have another monosacharide, and indirectly by converting _____ and ______.

Back 4

starch, glycogen, sucrose, lactose, galactose, fructose

Front 5

Because glucose is not easily stored it is converted into _____, which is most plentiful in ____ and ____ cells.

Back 5

liver, muscle

Front 6

Glucose enters the cell through _____ or _____ in the small intestine and renal tubular cells.

Back 6

Facilitated diffusion, active symport with sodium

Front 7

In glycolysis, glucose is first converted into _____ by ______ or _____, because ______.

Back 7

glucose-6-phosphate, hexokinase, glucokinase, G6P can not be transported across the cell membrane

Front 8

In the formation of G6P a _____ is cleaved, while a ____ is formed., and ____ is a metal ion needed as a cofactor.

Back 8

phosphate from ATP, low energy phosphoester, magnesium

Front 9

G6P is a negative effector of _____, but not _____.

Back 9

hexokinase, glucokinase

Front 10

The formation of G6P by hexokinase is usually _____, because of the higher concentration of ____ to ____ in the cell.

Back 10

Irreversible, ATP, ADP

Front 11

Glucose 6 phosphate can be converted in the heart and muscle into ____, _____, or ____, and as well as ____ in the liver parenchymal cells.

Back 11

glycogen, pyruvate, pentose phosphates, glucuronides

Front 12

In glycolysis, glucose 6 phosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate by ______, which is a _____ reaction.

Back 12

phosphoglucose isomerase, freely reversible

Front 13

The rate limiting and committed step of glycolysis is the conversion of _____ to _____ by _______.

Back 13

fructose 6- phosphate, fructose 1,6 biphosphate, phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

Front 14

ATP is required in glycolysis during the conversion of Glucose to ______ by ______ and in the conversion of fructose 6- phosphate to _____ by _____.

Back 14

G6P, hexokinase, fructose 1,6 biphosphate, PFK-1

Front 15

The 3 irreversible reaction enzymes in glycolysis are ____.

Back 15

hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase

Front 16

PFK-1 ‘s energy controls are ______ by ATP and ______ by ADP and AMP.

Back 16

inhibition, stimulation

Front 17

PFK-1 is inhibited by ____ pH from the formation of _____ and ____ acids during _____.

Back 17

low, pyruvic, lactic, acidosis

Front 18

PFK-1 is inhibited by _____, which is a mitochondria metabolite, signaling an abundance of metabolic and energy intermediates.

Back 18

citrate

Front 19

The hormonal control of PFK- 1 is _____ by _____ and ____ by ____ in the liver.

Back 19

stimulation, insulin, inhibition, glucagons

Front 20

Hormone regulation in glycolysis occurs by glucgon _____ cAMP, which inhibits ______ which inhibits ____ which further inhibits the formation of _____ which is an allosteric activator of PFK-1.

Back 20

stimulation, protein kinase A(PKA) , PFK-2, Fructose 2,6- biphosphate

Front 21

Hormone regulation in glycolysis occurs by insulin inhibition of ______ so that _____ is not stimulated, but instead _____ is stimulated to produce fructose 2,6-biphosphate which is an allosteric activator of ____.

Back 21

cAMP, Protein kinase, PFK-2

Front 22

Fructose 1,6-biphosphate is converted by _____ to ______ and ______, which can interconvert by _______.

Back 22

Aldolase, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate, triose phosphate ismoerase

Front 23

Dihyroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate are ___ carbon _____ that convert into ____ and _____ to continue in energy yielding reactions.

Back 23

3, isomers, glycerol- phosphate triglycerides, 1,3 biphosphglycerate

Front 24

Each glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate plus ____ and ____ with ______ as the enzyme, produce 1,3 BPG and one ____.

Back 24

NAD+, Pi, G3P dehydrogenase, NADH

Front 25

Arsenate is an inhibiting competitor of _____ in the reaction of G3P into ____ and one NADH.

Back 25

Pi, 1,3 BPG

Front 26

____ is converted with _____ to form 1,3 BPG which can be substrate phosphorylated to _____ and one ATP of converted to _____ in erythrocytes.

Back 26

G3P, G3P dehydrogenase, 3-phosphglycerate

Front 27

Each 1,3 BPG plus one ____ with ______ produce ____ and the first ATP from glycolysis.

Back 27

ADP, phosphoglycerate kinase, 3- phosphoglycerate

Front 28

Magnesium is used as a cofactor in the glycolysis enzymes _____, _____, _____, _____, and ____.

Back 28

hexokinase, PFK-1, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase

Front 29

In glycolysis, ATP is produced in _____ and ____, NADH is produced in ____ and ATP is used in _____ and _____.

Back 29

phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase, G3P dehydrogenase, hexokinase and PFK-1

Front 30

3-phosphoglycerate is converted into _____ by _______ and magnesium as a cofactor.

Back 30

2-phosphoglycerate, phosphglycerate mutase

Front 31

2- phosphoglycerate is converted into _______ and water by _____ and magnesium as a cofactor.

Back 31

phosphoenolpyruvate

Front 32

Phosphoenolpyruvate plus ADP produce _____ and ATP, with _____ and magnesium and K+ as cofactors.

Back 32

Pyruvate, pyruvate kinase

Front 33

The conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water by _____ and magnesium is inhibited clinically by ____ so not to produce lactate.

Back 33

enolase, fluoride

Front 34

Pyruvate kinase is inhibited by ____ and indirectly by ____, but activated by ____.

Back 34

glucagon, ATP, fructose 1,6 Biphosphate

Front 35

In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to _____ by _____ to produce needed _____ for the _____ reaction.

Back 35

lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, NAD+, G3p dehydrogenase reaction

Front 36

Pyruvate is converted into lactate in ____ and ____, or during ____.

Back 36

erythrocites, skeletal muscle during vigorous contraction, hypoxia

Front 37

Lactose tends to cause ____, and so must be transported to aerobic tissue where it is _____.

Back 37

acidosis, converted back to pyruvate or to glucose

Front 38

_____ is the only metabolic substrate that can produce ATP under anaerobic conditions.

Back 38

carbohydrates

Front 39

Lactic acidosis occurs most commonly due to ____, ____, and ____.

Back 39

respiratory failure, impaired oxygen transport, impaired oxidative phosphorylation

Front 40

During lactic acidosis ____ decreases,_____ becomes activated, and a large amount of _____ forms which is converted into lactate.

Back 40

ATP, PFK-1, pyruvate

Front 41

A rare hemolytic anemia caused by partial deficiencies of ______.

Back 41

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Front 42

Arsenate competes with ____ as a substrate in the G3P dehydrogenase reaction that produces an arsenate product that can not produce ____ in its reaction with phosphoglycerate kinase.

Back 42

substrate level phosphorylation (0 NET ATP from glycolysis)

Front 43

In the ____, pyruvate plus NAD+ plus ______ yield _____, NADH, and ____, using _____ as an enzyme.

Back 43

lumen of the mitochondria, CoA-SH, Acetyl-CoA, Carbon dioxide, pyruvate dehydrogenase

Front 44

Lactic acidosis can occur by an enzymatic defect that prevents the utilization of pyruvate in _____ and _____.

Back 44

mitochondrial oxidation, gluconeogenesis

Front 45

Pyruvate carboxylase can convert Pyruvate into _____.

Back 45

oxaloacetate

Front 46

Pyruvate oxidative carboxylation is catalyzed by _____, which is composed of E1 that contains ____ as a prosthetic group, E2 containing ____ bound to an Lys side chain, and E3 a_____.

Back 46

pyruvate dehydrogenase, thiamine PP, lipoic acid, FAD- containing flavoprotein