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95 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Two extracellular ligands associateed with cytokine
IL-1, TNF-1,TGF-1, Growth factors
What enzymes are deficient in hyperurocemia
Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency HPRT: hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
Two distinct function of von willebrand factor
Carrier of FVlll Mediator of Platelet adhesion at high shear
missense and nonsense mutations
Nonsence– point mutation sequence of DNA results in a stop codon. Usually leads to incomplete nonfunctional prot’ product. (“truncation of a protein”). May result in Thalassemia DMD. Missense– point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon for different A.A! may lead to sickle cell disease, SOD1 and mediated ALS
what is inhibites by aspirin, what is formed if aspirin not present?
COX1 TXA2
6.what accumulate if ornithine trans carbomayolase is deficient
Ammonia accumulation Ammonia & orotic acid? (orotic aciduria)
what accumulate if arginosuccinate lyase is deficient?
Argininosuccinate
ATP-sensitive K+ channels are involved in regulation of which hormone?
Insulin
Treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus by ______
Sulphonylureasinhibit ATP-sensitive K+ channels (bind to SUR unit)depolarizationinsulin release from beta cells
PDH structure to recognize Coenz’+compartment
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase - Tpp Dihydrolypoyl Transacetylase - Lipoic Acid Dihydrolypoyl Dehydrogenase - FAD
what initiatestranscriptionin Pro and Eukaryotes
RNA polymerase
enzyme that catalyses the reaction that joins a molecule of Acetyl CoA + OAA
Citrate Synthase
where is the OH group in primary bile acids which is not in cholesterol
Only 12!
function of sigma subunit/factor in transcription
Binds RNA polymerase holoenzyme, allowing it to bind promoter DNA. Initiation of transcription.
function of Rho protein
Terminator sequence
Insertion/deletion of how many nucleotides will not cause a frameshift mutation?
3 Then this is a deletion for a fish rather than a mutation .. true. Any multiplication of 3 (3,6,9 ...) will not create Prime Shift.
Collagen: hydroxylation of which amino acid+ vitamin involved
Pro&Lys Vitamin C
N-acetyl glu full reaction+effector
Glu+Acetyl-CoaN-Acetyl-Glu+Sh-Coa Effector is CPS1? The reaction depends on the amount of Arginin available. And the product (N-acetyl-Glu) will effect the ornithine transcarbamoylase reaction. Allosteric activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthase!
Role of Gluthatione Very sababa!
antioxidant which prevents damage to cellular components from free radicals, peroxides etc..
Neededto initiate DNA replication : That’s right!
RNA Primase
Enzymes used in pcr
TAQ polymerase
enz’ def’ causes NO elevation in URAT and NH3 during strenuous exercise?
adenosine deaminase
inducer of cyp1
omeprazole lansoprazole? Dioxin derivative
Which are the most important xenobiotic inducers of CYP1 isoenzyme?
dioxin derivativesare the inducers.. PAH is the substrate
main cause of adrenal hyperplasia?
cyp450 defective gene or CYP11A1…
name of enzymes that break phosphate from proteins?
Phosphatase
Prosthetic group of PDH
Thiamine pyrophosphate TPP, lipoid Acid,NAD, FAD ... NAD is a cofactor, not prosthetic group...
Name secondary bile acids
Deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid
Regulated enzyme of deoxyribonucleotide synthesis
Ribonucleotide reductase
Enzyme which catalyzes the reaction of adenine to AMP
APRT
identify pyruvate carboxylase reaction+ to write the compartment at which the reaction takes place+ prosthetic group
Mitochondria, Pyruvate +HCO3–+ATP –> OAA+ADP+Pi
identify (Gln synthase reaction) and to write the name of the enzyme
Gln Synthase Glutamate + ATP + NH3→Glutamine + ADP + phosphate
which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of synthesis of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids (20 or 22 carbons) starting from palmitate they will register
CYP (monooxygenases) family, in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.. (can also be called:desaturases)
TFPI substrates by order of inactivation
First: Xa (turns it to Xi)—>than: factor VIIa (turns it to VIIi) TFPI blocks 2 factors together, but 10 most be connected before 7 can also be inhibited.
How thrombin facilitate pathway activation:
prothrombin cleaved+activated, 3 positive feedback mechanisms. (FV, FVIII, FXI) thrombin can cleave and thus activate factors 5,8 and 11. Factor 11a can activate factor 9 which together with factor 8a can activate factor 10. Factors 10a together with 5a cleave prothrombin to thrombin. So thrombin in a positive feedback fashion activates more thrombin molecules, which accelerates the coagulation cascade.
#ERROR!
Thrombin bound to thrombomodulin activates protein C, an inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. The activation of protein C is greatly enhanced following the binding of thrombin to thrombomodulin, an integral membrane protein expressed by endothelial cells. Activated protein C inactivates factors Va and VIIIa. Binding of activated protein C to protein S leads to a modest increase in its activity. Thrombin is also inactivated by antithrombin, a serine protease inhibitor.
Cofactor required for factor XIII activation
Fibrin
Srebp- what induce oxysterol, what induce cholesterol
LXR - oxysterol Cholesterol – scap
What histones are in nucleosomes and how many copies?
Nucleosome is a octamere(8 subunits participate).2 of each histone 2a, 2b, 3 and 4 forms the nucleosome. Histone 1 only link between 2 or more nucleosomes.. it is not part of it though..
Draw glutathation

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Guanylyl Cyclase converts?
GTP to cGMP
Two pathways for eocosanoids synth 1) txa --- pathway--- product 2) prostacyclin --- p.way.-- product

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Where are the secondary bile acids produced?
Lumen of small intestine (primary in liver)
Lipoprotein lipase: substrate, location, substrate carrier. all the rest are true
Location: Endothelium Substrate: TAG Substrate carrier: chylomicron and VLDL Cofactor: Apo-CII
What enzyme causes lysosomes to have an acidic environment
V-Atpase Acid Hydroxylase
What FAD transfers
one or two electrons, hydrogen atoms, or hydronium ions.
What tca cycle enzyme converts fumarate to l-malate
fumarase
3 antithrombic substances from endothelium
NO, Protein S, Prostacyclin, Antithrombin, Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
Which cofactor is needed for glycine cleavage complex
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) true, but maybe they would take PLP here as the prosthetic group.. tetrahydrofolic acid as a c-1 donor is a cofactor.. (you can write H4Folate)
Which enzymatic deficiency is not characterized by elevated ammonia and amp
Myoadenylate deaminase
What deficiency causes immunodeficiency syndrome (nucleotides)
ADA
Which has higher affinity to aromatase testosterone or dehydrotestosteron
DHT
The consequences of na/k atpase Na reabsorption in kidney ______ Intracellular PH ______ Glucose reabsorption in muscle ______
higher lower no change
Name 2 peptide hormones
calcitonin, inhibin, insulin, GH, leptin, oxytocin, PTH, Glucagon, AMH
Carbamoyl-p-synthetase react’
2ATP + HCO3− + NH4+ --> 2ADP + Carbamoyl phosphate + Pi
Which substance can irreversibly bind to SH-enzymes?
PCMB
Increased concentration of ammonia in muscles after exercise is caused due to the absence of which enzyme?
Myophosphorylase
What mediates Ca2+ excretion from cytosol? 3 molecules that are involved
Either PMCA or sodium/calcium exchanger can pump Ca2+ out of the cytosol. PMCA needs ATP to do so. And the exchanger needs a gradient for the sodium (secondary active) formed by the Na+/K+ pump.
What enzyme is deficient in methylmalonyl uricemia?
Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase. (also vit.B-12, but it’s not an enzyme)
Write the enzymes responsible for the covalent modification of PDH enzyme
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) And Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP)
What substances increase in case of argininosuccinate synthase deficiency?
Citruline,גםAsp? I think you’re right. Cause they say “substances”
Receptor ligand complex which lead to conformation in the chromatin?
SWI/SNF complex I think this is an acceptable answer…
Coenzyme for acetoacetate formation
Acetyl Co-A
Background of activated Protein C resistance
Mutation in active seat of factor V, making protein C unable to cleave factor V and VIII. Allows more thrombin hypercoagulation
Structure of hypoxantine and IMP – identify the reaction and the enzyme that promotes it

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Name 1 anionic phospholipid
phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol
Function of LCAT and localization
Enzyme is present on HDL surface, stimulated by ApoA-1
DNA binding motifs in transcription factors
Some transcription factors bind to a DNA promoter sequence near the transcription start site and help form the transcription initiation complex. Other transcription factors bind to regulatory sequences, such as enhancer sequences, and can either stimulate or repress transcription of the related gene.
Which lipoprotein component is recognized by LDLR
ApoB-100, ApoA-1
Reaction of phosphoglucomutase
G1P –> G6P
What is activated glucose and what enzyme produced it
Activated Glucose: UDP- Glucose Enzyme: UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase
Reaction of UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase
G1P + UTP –> UDP-Glucose + PPi
Electron transport of monooxygenase

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The serotonin releasing effect is enhanced by amphetamines. Describe how
Amphetamines bind to the 5-HT & Na transporter, but has highest affinity for 5-HT transporter. Seratonin thus is released and depleted
Two distinct function of VWF
Carrier of FVIII, mediator of platelet adhesion at high shear
Which enzyme in citric acid cycle produce GTP
Succinyl Co-A Synthase
What is inhibited by aspirin? What is formed if aspirin is not present
Inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins. If its not present Thromboxane A2 can be synthesized.
Pyruvate and acetyl co A structures. Which component in cell? Coenzymes?
Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix w/ a pyruvate transporter and reacts with the PDH to form Acetyl CoA w/ the reaction: Pyruvate + NAD+ + H+ –> Acetly-CoA + NADH + CO2 E1: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase; Prost.G: Tpp E2: Dihydrolypolytransferase; Prost.G: Lipoic Acid E3: Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase; Prost.G: FAD
What are the regulatory enzyme of urea cycle? What influence this enzyme?
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase 1 is the rate limiting enzyme which allosterically is induced by N-Acetyl-Glu (which itself is allosterically dependent on amount of Arg)
How does PKA will induce relaxation in smooth muscle
protein kinase A along with cAMP, results in increasing calcium removal from the cytoplasm, which causes Vasodilation
How does streptokinase influence plasminogen
streptokinase forms a complex with human plasminogen, in which plasminogen gains activity as plasminogen activator
Which amino acid can be a precursor of sphingosine?
Serine
N acetyl glu synthase full reaction+ effector
acetyl-CoA + L-glutamate→CoA + N-acetyl-L-glutamate (important in the synthesis of Ornithine and Arginine)
Regulated enzyme of deoxyribonucleotide synthesis
Ribonucleotide reductase
Activators and inhibitors of pyruvate kinase.
Inhibitors: Glucagon, ATP, Ala Activators: Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate
Which genes induce Lac oparon
allolactose or IPTG
structure of lactose to identify, type of the bond? between which carbons?
Lactose is made up of a molecule of ß-D-galactose and D-glucose, which are bound at 1-4 position
TXA2 to identify and what is the precursor/
Arachidonic Acid
structure of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. what is the enzyme? location?
Enzyme is present on HDL surface, stimulated by ApoA-1
identify the reaction glu- to GABA. decarboxylation

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Which 2 enzymes will use NADPH in FA syn.
ß-ketoacyl-ACP reductase Enoyl-ACP Reductase
which enzyme create mevalonate in cholesterol syn?
HMG-CoA Reductase
Met adenosine transferase full reaction?
Met –ATP turns to ADP+Pi–> SAM
which amino acid will initiate translation in pro and eukaryotes?
methionine
full rection of Asp transcarbomylase

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