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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Two extracellular ligands associateed with cytokine
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IL-1, TNF-1,TGF-1, Growth factors
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What enzymes are deficient in hyperurocemia
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Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency HPRT: hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
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Two distinct function of von willebrand factor
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Carrier of FVlll Mediator of Platelet adhesion at high shear
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missense and nonsense mutations
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Nonsence– point mutation sequence of DNA results in a stop codon. Usually leads to incomplete nonfunctional prot’ product. (“truncation of a protein”). May result in Thalassemia DMD. Missense– point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon for different A.A! may lead to sickle cell disease, SOD1 and mediated ALS
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what is inhibites by aspirin, what is formed if aspirin not present?
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COX1 TXA2
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6.what accumulate if ornithine trans carbomayolase is deficient
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Ammonia accumulation Ammonia & orotic acid? (orotic aciduria)
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what accumulate if arginosuccinate lyase is deficient?
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Argininosuccinate
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ATP-sensitive K+ channels are involved in regulation of which hormone?
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Insulin
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Treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus by ______
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Sulphonylureasinhibit ATP-sensitive K+ channels (bind to SUR unit)depolarizationinsulin release from beta cells
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PDH structure to recognize Coenz’+compartment
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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase - Tpp Dihydrolypoyl Transacetylase - Lipoic Acid Dihydrolypoyl Dehydrogenase - FAD
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what initiatestranscriptionin Pro and Eukaryotes
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RNA polymerase
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enzyme that catalyses the reaction that joins a molecule of Acetyl CoA + OAA
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Citrate Synthase
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where is the OH group in primary bile acids which is not in cholesterol
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Only 12!
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function of sigma subunit/factor in transcription
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Binds RNA polymerase holoenzyme, allowing it to bind promoter DNA. Initiation of transcription.
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function of Rho protein
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Terminator sequence
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Insertion/deletion of how many nucleotides will not cause a frameshift mutation?
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3 Then this is a deletion for a fish rather than a mutation .. true. Any multiplication of 3 (3,6,9 ...) will not create Prime Shift.
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Collagen: hydroxylation of which amino acid+ vitamin involved
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Pro&Lys Vitamin C
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N-acetyl glu full reaction+effector
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Glu+Acetyl-CoaN-Acetyl-Glu+Sh-Coa Effector is CPS1? The reaction depends on the amount of Arginin available. And the product (N-acetyl-Glu) will effect the ornithine transcarbamoylase reaction. Allosteric activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthase!
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Role of Gluthatione Very sababa!
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antioxidant which prevents damage to cellular components from free radicals, peroxides etc..
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Neededto initiate DNA replication : That’s right!
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RNA Primase
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Enzymes used in pcr
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TAQ polymerase
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enz’ def’ causes NO elevation in URAT and NH3 during strenuous exercise?
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adenosine deaminase
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inducer of cyp1
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omeprazole lansoprazole? Dioxin derivative
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Which are the most important xenobiotic inducers of CYP1 isoenzyme?
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dioxin derivativesare the inducers.. PAH is the substrate
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main cause of adrenal hyperplasia?
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cyp450 defective gene or CYP11A1…
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name of enzymes that break phosphate from proteins?
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Phosphatase
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Prosthetic group of PDH
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Thiamine pyrophosphate TPP, lipoid Acid,NAD, FAD ... NAD is a cofactor, not prosthetic group...
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Name secondary bile acids
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Deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid
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Regulated enzyme of deoxyribonucleotide synthesis
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Ribonucleotide reductase
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Enzyme which catalyzes the reaction of adenine to AMP
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APRT
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identify pyruvate carboxylase reaction+ to write the compartment at which the reaction takes place+ prosthetic group
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Mitochondria, Pyruvate +HCO3–+ATP –> OAA+ADP+Pi
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identify (Gln synthase reaction) and to write the name of the enzyme
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Gln Synthase Glutamate + ATP + NH3→Glutamine + ADP + phosphate
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which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of synthesis of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids (20 or 22 carbons) starting from palmitate they will register
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CYP (monooxygenases) family, in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.. (can also be called:desaturases)
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TFPI substrates by order of inactivation
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First: Xa (turns it to Xi)—>than: factor VIIa (turns it to VIIi) TFPI blocks 2 factors together, but 10 most be connected before 7 can also be inhibited.
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How thrombin facilitate pathway activation:
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prothrombin cleaved+activated, 3 positive feedback mechanisms. (FV, FVIII, FXI) thrombin can cleave and thus activate factors 5,8 and 11. Factor 11a can activate factor 9 which together with factor 8a can activate factor 10. Factors 10a together with 5a cleave prothrombin to thrombin. So thrombin in a positive feedback fashion activates more thrombin molecules, which accelerates the coagulation cascade.
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#ERROR!
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Thrombin bound to thrombomodulin activates protein C, an inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. The activation of protein C is greatly enhanced following the binding of thrombin to thrombomodulin, an integral membrane protein expressed by endothelial cells. Activated protein C inactivates factors Va and VIIIa. Binding of activated protein C to protein S leads to a modest increase in its activity. Thrombin is also inactivated by antithrombin, a serine protease inhibitor.
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Cofactor required for factor XIII activation
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Fibrin
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Srebp- what induce oxysterol, what induce cholesterol
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LXR - oxysterol Cholesterol – scap
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What histones are in nucleosomes and how many copies?
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Nucleosome is a octamere(8 subunits participate).2 of each histone 2a, 2b, 3 and 4 forms the nucleosome. Histone 1 only link between 2 or more nucleosomes.. it is not part of it though..
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Draw glutathation
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Guanylyl Cyclase converts?
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GTP to cGMP
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Two pathways for eocosanoids synth 1) txa --- pathway--- product 2) prostacyclin --- p.way.-- product
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Where are the secondary bile acids produced?
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Lumen of small intestine (primary in liver)
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Lipoprotein lipase: substrate, location, substrate carrier. all the rest are true
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Location: Endothelium Substrate: TAG Substrate carrier: chylomicron and VLDL Cofactor: Apo-CII
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What enzyme causes lysosomes to have an acidic environment
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V-Atpase Acid Hydroxylase
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What FAD transfers
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one or two electrons, hydrogen atoms, or hydronium ions.
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What tca cycle enzyme converts fumarate to l-malate
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fumarase
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3 antithrombic substances from endothelium
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NO, Protein S, Prostacyclin, Antithrombin, Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
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Which cofactor is needed for glycine cleavage complex
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pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) true, but maybe they would take PLP here as the prosthetic group.. tetrahydrofolic acid as a c-1 donor is a cofactor.. (you can write H4Folate)
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Which enzymatic deficiency is not characterized by elevated ammonia and amp
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Myoadenylate deaminase
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What deficiency causes immunodeficiency syndrome (nucleotides)
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ADA
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Which has higher affinity to aromatase testosterone or dehydrotestosteron
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DHT
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The consequences of na/k atpase Na reabsorption in kidney ______ Intracellular PH ______ Glucose reabsorption in muscle ______
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higher lower no change
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Name 2 peptide hormones
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calcitonin, inhibin, insulin, GH, leptin, oxytocin, PTH, Glucagon, AMH
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Carbamoyl-p-synthetase react’
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2ATP + HCO3− + NH4+ --> 2ADP + Carbamoyl phosphate + Pi
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Which substance can irreversibly bind to SH-enzymes?
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PCMB
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Increased concentration of ammonia in muscles after exercise is caused due to the absence of which enzyme?
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Myophosphorylase
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What mediates Ca2+ excretion from cytosol? 3 molecules that are involved
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Either PMCA or sodium/calcium exchanger can pump Ca2+ out of the cytosol. PMCA needs ATP to do so. And the exchanger needs a gradient for the sodium (secondary active) formed by the Na+/K+ pump.
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What enzyme is deficient in methylmalonyl uricemia?
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Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase. (also vit.B-12, but it’s not an enzyme)
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Write the enzymes responsible for the covalent modification of PDH enzyme
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) And Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP)
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What substances increase in case of argininosuccinate synthase deficiency?
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Citruline,גםAsp? I think you’re right. Cause they say “substances”
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Receptor ligand complex which lead to conformation in the chromatin?
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SWI/SNF complex I think this is an acceptable answer…
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Coenzyme for acetoacetate formation
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Acetyl Co-A
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Background of activated Protein C resistance
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Mutation in active seat of factor V, making protein C unable to cleave factor V and VIII. Allows more thrombin hypercoagulation
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Structure of hypoxantine and IMP – identify the reaction and the enzyme that promotes it
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Name 1 anionic phospholipid
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phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol
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Function of LCAT and localization
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Enzyme is present on HDL surface, stimulated by ApoA-1
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DNA binding motifs in transcription factors
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Some transcription factors bind to a DNA promoter sequence near the transcription start site and help form the transcription initiation complex. Other transcription factors bind to regulatory sequences, such as enhancer sequences, and can either stimulate or repress transcription of the related gene.
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Which lipoprotein component is recognized by LDLR
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ApoB-100, ApoA-1
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Reaction of phosphoglucomutase
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G1P –> G6P
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What is activated glucose and what enzyme produced it
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Activated Glucose: UDP- Glucose Enzyme: UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase
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Reaction of UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase
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G1P + UTP –> UDP-Glucose + PPi
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Electron transport of monooxygenase
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The serotonin releasing effect is enhanced by amphetamines. Describe how
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Amphetamines bind to the 5-HT & Na transporter, but has highest affinity for 5-HT transporter. Seratonin thus is released and depleted
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Two distinct function of VWF
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Carrier of FVIII, mediator of platelet adhesion at high shear
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Which enzyme in citric acid cycle produce GTP
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Succinyl Co-A Synthase
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What is inhibited by aspirin? What is formed if aspirin is not present
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Inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins. If its not present Thromboxane A2 can be synthesized.
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Pyruvate and acetyl co A structures. Which component in cell? Coenzymes?
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Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix w/ a pyruvate transporter and reacts with the PDH to form Acetyl CoA w/ the reaction: Pyruvate + NAD+ + H+ –> Acetly-CoA + NADH + CO2 E1: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase; Prost.G: Tpp E2: Dihydrolypolytransferase; Prost.G: Lipoic Acid E3: Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase; Prost.G: FAD
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What are the regulatory enzyme of urea cycle? What influence this enzyme?
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Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthase 1 is the rate limiting enzyme which allosterically is induced by N-Acetyl-Glu (which itself is allosterically dependent on amount of Arg)
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How does PKA will induce relaxation in smooth muscle
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protein kinase A along with cAMP, results in increasing calcium removal from the cytoplasm, which causes Vasodilation
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How does streptokinase influence plasminogen
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streptokinase forms a complex with human plasminogen, in which plasminogen gains activity as plasminogen activator
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Which amino acid can be a precursor of sphingosine?
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Serine
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N acetyl glu synthase full reaction+ effector
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acetyl-CoA + L-glutamate→CoA + N-acetyl-L-glutamate (important in the synthesis of Ornithine and Arginine)
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Regulated enzyme of deoxyribonucleotide synthesis
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Ribonucleotide reductase
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Activators and inhibitors of pyruvate kinase.
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Inhibitors: Glucagon, ATP, Ala Activators: Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate
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Which genes induce Lac oparon
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allolactose or IPTG
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structure of lactose to identify, type of the bond? between which carbons?
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Lactose is made up of a molecule of ß-D-galactose and D-glucose, which are bound at 1-4 position
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TXA2 to identify and what is the precursor/
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Arachidonic Acid
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structure of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. what is the enzyme? location?
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Enzyme is present on HDL surface, stimulated by ApoA-1
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identify the reaction glu- to GABA. decarboxylation
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Which 2 enzymes will use NADPH in FA syn.
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ß-ketoacyl-ACP reductase Enoyl-ACP Reductase
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which enzyme create mevalonate in cholesterol syn?
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HMG-CoA Reductase
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Met adenosine transferase full reaction?
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Met –ATP turns to ADP+Pi–> SAM
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which amino acid will initiate translation in pro and eukaryotes?
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methionine
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full rection of Asp transcarbomylase
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