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25 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Essential amino acids
Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, and Valine

"Any Help In Learning These Little Mothers Proves Truly Valuable"
Biological Value = (N retained/N taken-in) * 100
Protein quality
Condition in which no protein in body, belly inflates bc of edema
Kwashiokor
Condition in which no protein & energy
Marasmus
Where does protein digestion occur?
stomach, pancreas, small intestine (mucosal cells)
2 types of Peptidases
1. Endopeptidase-cleaves peptide bond in middle

2. Exopeptidase-cleaves protein at end
2 types of exopeptidase
1. Aminopeptidase-cleave at NH2 terminus

2. Carboxypeptidase-cleave at COOH terminus
How is pepsinogen converted to pepsin in the stomach?
HCl
How is tyrpsinogen converted to trypsin?
Intestinal mucosa cells release enteropeptidase

+ feedback converts more tyrpsinogen

Trypsin activates more pancreatic enzymes
Intestinal mucosal cells release what 2 enzymes?
1. Aminopeptidase-cleaves free aa from N-terminus

2. Dipeptidase-cuts dipeptide to release 2 free aa
Is uptake by cells energy dependent?
Yes, coupled with Na+ gradient (ATP)
What are the 2 systems for protein metabolism?
1. Lysosomal pathway

2. Ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway
Ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway?
-ATP dependent

-Ubiquitin attaches to proteins, now marked for destruction

-Then proteasomes degrade ubiquitin-targeted proteins
How do we get alanine from transamination?
Pyruvate
How do we get Glutamate from transamination?
alpha-ketoglutarate
How do we get aspartate from transamination?
OAA
Amino Acid transfer enzymes
1. Aminotransferase
2. Glutamate Dehydrogenase
3. Amino Acid Oxidases
Amino group excretion enzymes
1. Glutamine synthetase
2. Glutaminase
3. Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase (CPS1)
If BUN high
Kidney not excreting urea properly

Urea cycle functioning fine
If BUN low
Liver damage, pregnancy

Problem with urea cycle
What are the urea cycle's connections to the TCA?
Fumarate (byproduct)

Aspartate (substrate)
Ammonia toxicity
Hyperammonemia

Neurotransmitter deprivation (glutamate)

E deprivation in brain
Genetic defects of all enzymes of urea cycle
Hereditary hyperammonemia
Carbamoyl-P synthetase 1 deficiency
Hyperammonemia I
Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency
Hyperammonemia II