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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Glucose Structure |
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Fructose Structure |
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What type of bonds make oligo or poly saccharaides?
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Glycosidic bonds
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What does it mean when a sugar is an alpha or beta isomer?
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C1-OH is linked
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What do B-1,4 glycosidic bonds produce?
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Cellulose. Long straight glucose chains.
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Can animals make cellulose?
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No
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Name common disaccharides?
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Maltose, sucrose, lactose
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What does an alpha-1,4 linkage make?
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Helical chain of glucose
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What is the preferred fuel for some tissues?
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Carbs
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Glycolysis is it a conserved pathway?
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Yes
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How many steps are there in the glycolysis pathway?
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10 steps
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Ultimately, what will glycolysis give you?
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2 Pyruvate and 2 ATP
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What is the first step of glycolysis and what do you need to know?
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Hexokinase, you go from Glucose to G-6P. You spend 1 ATP. Delta G = Big Negative
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What is the second step of glycolysis and what do you need to know?
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Phosphoglucose Isomerase. G-6P to F-6P. Delta G = small negative
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What is the third step of glycolysis and what do you need to know?
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Phosphofructokinase. F-6P to F-1,6-B-P. You spend 1 ATP. Delta G = Big negative
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What are the reactions called in stage one of glycolysis?
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Hexokinase, Phosphoglucose Isomerase, Phosphofructokinase.
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What is the result of stage 2 of Glycolysis?
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Hexose bisphosphate to 2 triose monophosphate.
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What is the fourth step of glycolysis and what do you need to know?
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Aldolase. F-1, 6-BP will change into DHAP and GAP. Delta G = Small negative
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What is the 5th step of glycolysis and what do you need to know?
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Triose phosphate isomerase. DHAP turns into GAP. Delta G = small positive
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What are the reactions called in stage two of glycolysis?
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Aldolase and Triose phosphate isomerase.
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What is the end result of stage 3?
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2 NADH produced, 4 ATP produced, and pyruvate production
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What is the 6th step of glycolysis and what do you need to know?
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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. GAP turns into 1,3-BPG. You go from NAD+ and Pi to NADH and H+. It is an ox-phos reaction. Oxidation = glyceraldehyde and exergonic. Phosphorylation = endergonic. Delta G = small negative
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What is the 7th step of glycolysis and what do you need to know?
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Phosphoglycerate Kinase. 1,3-BPG turns into 3-Phosphoglycerate. ADP to ATP. Excergonic part of reaction: Transfer of phosphate from 1,3-BPG. Delta G = small positive
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What is the 8th step of glycolysis and what do you need to know?
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Phosphoglycerate mutase. You go from 3 phosphoglycerate to 2 phosphoglycerate. It’s a rearrangement. Delta G = small positive
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What is the 9th step of glycolysis and what do you need to know?
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Enolase. 2 Phosphoglycerate turns into phosphenolpyruvate. You lose an H2O. Delta G = small negative
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What is the 10th step of glycolysis and what do you need to know?
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Pyruvate Kinase. Phosphenolpyruvate turns into pyruvate. ADP turns into ATP. Delta G = Big Negative
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What does the hexokinase reaction require?
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Mg2+
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How does it allow the OH group to make the nucleophilic substitution?
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It arranges the two substrates close enough for a reaction to occur
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What are the kinase reaction in glycolysis?
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Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase.
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Is the phosphate on 1,3-BPG made by a kinase reaction?
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No
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So Phosphoglucose Isomerase is a multistep reaction. You only need to know how to draw the cyclic forms, but how does the reaction work?
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The cyclic part is opened. You take a hydrogen off of one part of the molecule, you put it back in a different place, you close the molecule
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What are the isomerase reactions?
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Phosphoglucose isomerase, triose phosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate mutase.
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What do isomerases do?
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Take a group from substrate and give it back to the same molecule in a different place
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