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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Metabolism
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The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
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Metabolism includes processes for cell growth, reproduction, response to environment, survival mechanisms, sustenance, and maintenance of cell structure and integrity. It is made up of two categories: catabolism and anabolism.
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Catabolic pathway
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series of chemical reactions that release energy by breaking down molecules
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For instance, large molecules such as polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins are broken down into smaller units such as monosaccharides, nucleotides and amino acids,
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Anabolic pathway
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series of chemical reactions that builds molecules by consuming energy
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Examples are bone growth and mineralization, and muscle mass build-up.
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Kinetic Energy
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energy motion of an object
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kid riding a bike
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Potential Energy
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stored energy that matter possesses because of location/structure
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Glycogen has potential energy but is not readily usably by the body.
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Chemical Energy
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Energy released from a substance, or absorbed in the formation of a chemical compound, during a chemical reaction.
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The energy released from ATP or glucose during a chemical reaction is an example of chemical energy.
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Free Energy
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portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temp. and pressure are uniform throughout the system; measure of a system's instability
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In biological systems the most important relationship is: _G = RTln(keq), where keq is an equilibrium constant. The amount of energy available for reactions to occur.
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Exergonic Reaction
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chemical reaction that releases free energy (-G) so it is a spontaneous reaction. Less G means more work can be done
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decomposition of ATP into ADP, glycolysis.
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Endergonic Reaction
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chemical reaction that absorbs free energy and stores it in molecules (+G) so it is NOT a spontaneous reaction. G is the amount of energy required to drive the reaction
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Dissolving salt in water
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ATP & ADP
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ATP- (adenosine triphosphate) contains sugar ribose, nitrogenous base, & 3 phosphate groups. Hydrolysis of ATP powers energy coupling in cells and cellular work (mechanical, transport, and chemical)
ADP- (adenosine diphosphate) a nucleotide that forms after an inorganic phosphate leaves ATP through hydrolysis |
Adenosine diphosphate or ADP is the result when ATP loses one of its phosphate groups when the energy is released to power up many vital cellular processes.
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Catalyst
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A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and lowers the activation energy
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enzymes in the human body
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Enzyme
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catalytic protein that regulates metabolic pathways and prevent chemical traffic
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Most enzymes are proteins
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Activation energy
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energy needed to push reactants over an energy "hill" so "downhill" reaction can begin. At the top of the hill the bonds are ready to break and form new bonds (product)
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Activation energy is the energy required to initiate a reaction
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Substrate
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The earthy material in which an organism lives, or the surface or medium on which an organism grows or is attached.
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The material (e.g. dirt, rocks, sand, gravel) in the bottom of a marine habitat, or one that forms the bed of a stream (or of an aquarium); the source of food for some microorganisms.
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Active site
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region (pocket/groove) on surface of protein that binds to substrate to form enzyme-substrate complex
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Exists within protein
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Competitive inhibitor
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chemicals that reduce productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites
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Sulfanilamide can competitively inhibit the enzyme that has PABA as it's normal substrate by competitively occupying the active site of the enzyme.
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Noncompetitive inhibitor
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impede enzymatic reactions by binding to enzyme and changing the shape so active site is less effective at catalyzing substrate to product
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Metal ions, including copper, mercury and silver, act as non-competitive inhibitors of many enzymes by binding reversibly to the –SH groups of cysteine – the amino acid that forms disulfide bridges. This disrupts the structure of the enzyme.
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