Biochemistry Ch 6

Front 1

fatty acid
- use
- composition
- characteristic
- number of C

Back 1

- used for energy storage

- composed of long chains of methyl groups with a carboxylic acid fxnl group at one end.

- always have a straight chain of methyl groups

- even number of C, usually 16-18

Front 2

long chain fatty acid

Back 2

16-20 carbons

Front 3

medium chain fatty acid

Back 3

10-15 carbons

Front 4

short chain fatty acids

Back 4

4-10 carbons

Front 5

saturated

Back 5

When the carbon chain has no double bonds in it - C are saturated with H.

Front 6

unsaturated

Back 6

a fatty acid chain with one or more double bonds between C - not saturated with H.

Front 7

polyunsaturated

Back 7

fatty acids with two or more double bonds

Front 8

nomenclature for fatty acids

Back 8

# of C : # of double bonds (saturation state)

Front 9

omega carbon

Back 9

The methyl group at the end of the carbon chain. Counting C for the position # of double bonds starts here.

Front 10

micelle

Back 10

globs of fat with ionized (hydrophilic) ends facing water and hydrophobic tails all dissolved with one another.

Front 11

monoglyceride

Back 11

Glycerol containing a single esterified fatty acid.

Front 12

glycerides

Back 12

Formed when the carboxyl groups of fatty acids join with the hydroxyl groups of glycerol to form ester linkages.

Front 13

glycerol

Back 13

Has 3 hydroxyl groups, each may participate in an ester linkage with a fatty acid.

Front 14

diglyceride

Back 14

Formed when two fatty acids are esterfied on a glycerol.

Front 15

triglyceride

- function
- location in humans; plants

Back 15

Formed when three fatty acids are esterfied on a glycerol.

Any type of fatty acid may be attached at any of the OH positions of glycerol.

- energy storage form of lipids
- found in adipose tissue; seeds (oils!)

Front 16

hydrogenation

- oily or solid?

Back 16

Performed with H gas under heat and pressure, saturating all the former double bonds with H.

- solid

Front 17

partially hydrogenated

- why?
- what changes?

Back 17

maintains oil-like consistency, but fewer double bonds to react with O (oxidate) and turn rancid.

- the cis double bonds become trans double bonds. Cause higher cholesterol levels, increase risk of HT disease

Front 18

phosphoglycerides

- structure
- function

Back 18

- glycerol with phosphate group esterfied to the OH group at position #3 from the top. The two other OH are esterfied to fatty acids.
In short, a triglyceride - 1 fatty acid + phophate group
- lipids that compose major molecular body parts i.e. cell membrane

Front 19

lipid bilayer membrane

Back 19

Negatively charged phosphate heads and long hydrophobic tails line up - heads outside, tail in the middle.

Front 20

transport proteins

Back 20

Portals for molecule unable to pass through cell membrane.

Front 21

steroid nucleus

Back 21

the multiple C ring structure that is the base of the family of lipids called steroids. Very hydrophobic.

Front 22

cholesterol

Back 22

Major steroid in animals.
- Hydrophobic, rigid, essential to membranes. Adds stability to overall structure.

Front 23

cholesteryl ester

Back 23

Cholesterol with a fatty acid esterfied to the OH group. Prevelant in circulation forms of cholesterol.

Front 24

bile acids

Back 24

Derived from cholesterol. Emulsify dietary lipids.
Made in LV, delievered to SI via bile duct. The only way to eliminate cholesterol from body.

Front 25

Other steroids:

Back 25

Sex: progesterone, testosterone, estrogen

Metabolic: cortisol (carb and lipid metabolism), mineralcorticoids (water & salt excretion by KD)

Front 26

salivary lipase

Back 26

Begins digestion of triglycerides in mouth by releasing the fatty acids at the first and last position of trigly, by hydrolyzing the ester bonds btwn fatty acid and glycerol.

Product = 2 fatty acids + one monoglyceride.

Front 27

gastric lipase

Back 27

Found in ST, continues to digest triglyceride in same manner as salivary lipase.

Front 28

pancreatic lipase

Back 28

Digest tryglys in SI after they are emulsified by bile salts. It's more efficient.

Front 29

chylomicrons

Back 29

Bundles of tryglys with other lipid-soluable stuff. Travel from GI cells thru lymph system to blood system - no LV filter!

Front 30

lipoprotein lipase

Back 30

An enzyme that removes fatty acids from tryglycerides.

Front 31

chylomicron remnant

Back 31

After most of the tryglycerides are removed by the body tissues this is picked up by liver and metabolized.

Front 32

essential fatty acids

Back 32

linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid

Required intake so we can make arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid.

Front 33

prostaglandin hormones

Back 33

Made from essential fatty acids

Front 34

arachidonic acid

Back 34

Made from essential fatty acids, required to make prostaglandins, thromboxane and leukotrienes.