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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Most Protein-ligand interactions do not involve __ _______ _____. Instead, the binding site for a ligand is more often like the hemoglobin binding site for BPG - .....
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- a prosthetic group.
- A cleft in the protein lined with A.A residues, arranged to render the binding interaction highly specific |
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Effective discrimination between ligands ___ ____ ____ at binding sites, even when the ligands have only minor structural differences
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- is the norm
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All vertebrates have an immune system capable of distinguishing _____ _____ ______ _______ and then destroying those entities identified as ________
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- molecular "self" from "nonself"
- nonself. |
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All vertebrates have an immune system capable of distinguishing self from non-self and then destroying those entities identified as nonself. In this way, the immune system eliminates
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- viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens and molecules that may pose a threat to the organism
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On a physiological level, the response of the immune system to an invader is an ?
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- intricate and coordinated set of interactions among many classes of proteins, molecules, and cell types
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Immunity is brought about by ?
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a variety of leukocytes including macrophages and lymphocytes, all developing from undifferentiated stem cells in the bone marrow
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Leukocytes can leave the bloodstream and patrol the tissues, each cell producing ?
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- one or more proteins capable of recognizing and binding to molecules that might signal an infection
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The immune response consists of two complementary systems,
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- the humoral and cellular immune systems
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The humoral immune system is directed
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- at bacterial infections and extracellular viruses, but can also respond to individual proteins introduced into the organism
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The cellular immune system destroys
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host cells infected by viruses and also destroys some parasites and forgein tissues
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The proteins at the heart of the humoral immune response are soluble proteins called
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- antibodies or immunoglobulins often abbreviated Ig.
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Immunoglobulins bind bacteria, viruses, or large molecules identified . . .
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- as forgein and target them for destruction
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Making-up 20% of blood protein, the immunoglobins are produced by ....., so named because they complete their development in the bone marrow
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- B lymphocytes or B cells
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The agents at the heart of the cellular immune response are a class of . . .
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T lymphocytes aka T cells
AKA: cytotoxic T cells, T[c], or killer T cells |
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T lymphocytes are called that because
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the latter stages of their development occur in the thymus
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Recognition of infected cells or parasites involves proteins called _______ _______ on the surface of T[c] cells
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T-cell receptors
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Receptors are proteins, usually found on . . . . .
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* the outer surface of cells and extending through the plasma membrane
* they recognize and bind extracellular ligands, triggering changes inside the cell |
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In addition to cytotoxic T cells, there are helper T cells (T[h] cells], whose function it is to
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- produce soluble signaling proteins called cytokines, which include the interleukins
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T[h] cells interact with _________.
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macrophages
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Each recognition protein of the immune systems, either an antibody produced by a B cell or a receptor on the surface of a T cell, specifically binds some
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- particular chemical structure, distinguishing it from virtually all others
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Humans are capable of producing more than ______ different antibodies with distinct binding specificities
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10^8
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Humans are capable of 10^8 different antibodies with distinct binding specificities. This extraordinary diversity makes it likely that
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- any chemical structure on the surface of a virus or invading cell will be recognized and bound by one or more antibodies
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Antibody diversity is derived from
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- random reassembly of a set of immunogloblin gene segments throughout genetic recombination mechanisms
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Some properties of the interactions between antibodies or a T-cell receptor and the molecules they bind are unique to
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- the immune system, and a specialized lexicon is used to describe them
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Any molecule or pathogen capable of elicting an immune response is called . .
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an antigen
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Antigen may be . . .
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- a virus, a bacterial cell wall, or an individual protein or other macromolecule.
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A complex antigen may be bound by ...
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a number of different antibodies
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An individual antibody or T-cell receptor binds only a particular molecular structure within the antigen, called its . .
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antigenic determinant or epitope
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Molecules of M[r] < 5000 are generally not
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Antigenic
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Macrophage function
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Ingest large particles and cells by phagocytosis
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B lymphocytes (B cells) function
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Produce and secrete antibodies
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T lymphocytes (T cells)functions:
____________________________ Cytotoxic (killers) and T Cells (T[c]) |
Interact with infected host cells though receptors on t-cell surface
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T lymphocytes (T cells)functions:
____________________________ Helper T cells (T[h]) |
Interact with macrophages and secrete cytokines (interleukins) that stimulate T[c], T[h], and B cells to proliferate
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